Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

Neocortex/cerebral cortex

Answer 1

``` -Has expanded the most during evolutionary process – Comprises 80% of the human brain, unique to mammals. – 2.7 square feet, thickness of 1.5–3.0 millimeters – Six layers – Two cerebral hemispheres – Four lobes ```

Answer 2

-Acts as gatekeeper -Intra vs extracellular fluid -Regulates movement of substances -Regulates concentration of salts and other chemicals -Is a Phospholipid Bilayer – Head—contains phosphorus; is polar, hydrophilic – Tail—lipid molecules; no polarity, hydrphobicImpermeable to intracellular and extracellular water • Only nonpolar molecules, e.g., oxygen & carbon dioxide can pass through phospholipid layer • Ions – Are charged particles – Cannot freely enter the cell due to the polar surface – Are repelled, blocked, or bound • How do substances cross the membrane? – Embedded proteins act as gates to provide influx and efflux to substances such as large ions

Answer 3

``` -Coded by DNA within the cell nucleus • After production – Incorporate into the membrane – Or act as enzyme within cell – Or be excreted (exocytosis) ```

Answer 4

Channels – Create a certain sized hole • Gates – Can change shape to sometimes allow certain ions under certain conditions • Pumps – Also shape-changing, but actively transports substances

Answer 5

Potassium (K+) Sodium (Na+) Chloride (Cl-)

Answer 6

-70mv Na/K pump is maintaining resting potential 3 Na+ out for 2 K+ in A-ions and K+ ions have higher concentration inside than outside Cl- and NA+ ions have higher concentration outside

Answer 7

Enflux of K+ making extracellular side more positive | Or an influx of Cl-

Answer 8

Influx of Na+ through Na+ channels

Answer 9

Neurotransmitter is created | Stored in synaptic vesicles

Answer 10

Triggered by AP- lets Ca+ into axon | Transmitter is let out for a swim across the synaptic cleft- exocytosis

Answer 11

Release of one vesicle = one quantum | Transmitter interacts with target cell receptor (depolarizes, hyperpolarizes, or affects other change)

Answer 12

DIffusion, degradation, reuptake, or glial cells dispose of

Answer 13

1. Chemical must be synthesized in or be present in the neuron 2. Chemical must be released when the neuron is active and produce a response in some target 3. The same response must be obtained when the chemical is experimentally placed on the target 4. A mechanism for deactivating the chemical must exist

Answer 14

``` Small organic molecules • Synthesized and packaged in axon terminals • Derived from the food we eat • Quick-acting • Rate limiting factor ```

Answer 15

– Multifunctional chains of amino acids made by the cell’s DNA

Answer 16

Psychoactive drugs ○ Substance that alters mood, thought or behavior ○ Often used to manage neuropsychological illness ○ May become addictive Can be administered a variety of ways ○ Injections, inhalation, patches, suppositories, oral ingestion, etc ○ But have to get from blood capillaries to extracellular fluid in the brain Can be sequestered, metabolized, and then excreted

Answer 17

– Drugs that increase the effectiveness of neurotransmission

Answer 18

Drugs that decrease the effectiveness of neurotransmission

Answer 19

Alcohol and Barbiturates (GABA) | Benzodiazepines (GABA)

Answer 20

- First generation butyrophenones and phenothiazines (block DA) - Second-Generation Antipsychotics (block 5-HT receptor)

Answer 21

- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (block 5-HT breakdown) | - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (block 5-HT reuptake)

Answer 22

-Synthetic opioids, such as heroin, affect mu receptors (morphine/codine) - Endorphins are produced by your body and act on mu receptors -Nalorphine and naloxone (Narcan, Nalone) are competitive inhibitors for these receptors

Answer 23

Block DA reuptake (Cocaine + amphetamines)

Answer 24

- Acetylcholine psychedelics (Nicotine) - Glutamate psychedelics (Ketamine) - Norepinephrine psychedelics (Mescaline) - Anandamide psychedelics (Tertahydrocannabinol) - serotonin psychedelics ( LSD/MDMA)

Answer 25

Produced in hypothalamus -> pituitary gland -> endocrine glands -> blood stream

Answer 26

Sex/gonadal hormones - Stress hormones - Glucocorticoid ( slow system) - act on adrenal gland

Answer 27

Act on homeostasis

Answer 28

- Fast and slow systems using epinephrine (fast) and cortisol (slow) - Results of stress response: Reduce energy and protein stores -Growth hormone + reproductive processes inhibited - Immune system and digestion suppressed - Hippocampus detects cortisol and tells hypothalamus to turn it off- BUT can be damages by chronic stress

Exam 1 Flashcards

(56 cards)