Exam 1

Question 1

Allopatric speciation

Answer 1

Speciation due to geographic isolation

Most prevalent method for cladogenesis

Question 2

Evolution is…

Answer 2

Descent with modification

Question 3

Microevolution

Answer 3

Changes in a single gene in a population over time

Question 4

Macroevolution

Answer 4

Formation of a new species: several changes over time

Question 5

Convergent evolution

Answer 5

When different organisms independently evolve similar traits

Question 6

Homologous traits

Answer 6

Structures that are similar due to being derived from the same ancestral trait

Question 7

molecular homologous

Answer 7

Homologous in the molecular features of organisms

Question 8

Developmental homologous

Answer 8

Homologous in the development pathways of organisms

Question 9

anatomical homologous

Answer 9

homologous anatomical features of organisms

Question 10

Georges Buffon

Answer 10

Proposed that lifeforms change over time

Question 11

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Answer 11

Proposed inheritance of acquired characteristics; believed in “scala natura” or the Great Chain of Being

Question 12

Erasmus Darwin

Answer 12

Believed there was a common ancestor to all life forms and that offspring inherit features from parents.

Question 13

Charles Darwin

Answer 13

Gave most convincing, complete argument for evolution in his book “On the Origin of Species”; proposed mechanism for how evolution occurs (natural selection)

Question 14

Alfred Russell Wallace

Answer 14

Contemporary of Darwin with the same ideas, just slightly less fleshed out.

Question 15

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

Answer 15

Relates allele and genotype frequency in a population.

Question 16

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is unbroken, allowing you to predict genotype frequencies under the following conditions

Answer 16

1. No new mutations
2. Random mating
3. No migration between populations
4. Large population size
5. No natural selection

Question 17

Evolution can be the result of the following factors

Answer 17

1. Appearance of new genetic variation in a population
2. Non-random mating
3. Migration between populations
4. Genetic drift (especially in small populations)
5. Natural selection

Question 18

5 mechanisms of microevolution

Answer 18

1. Appearance of new genetic variation in a population (mutations)
2. Non-random mating
3. Migration between populations (gene flow)
4. Genetic drift (including bottlenecks and founder effect)
5. Natural selection

Question 19

Anagenesis

Answer 19

Directional selection (changes within a lineage)

Question 20

Cladogenesis

Answer 20

Disruptive or diversifying selection (creation of new lineage)

Question 21

Stasigenesis

Answer 21

Stabilizing selection (no changes within a lineage)

Question 22

Intrasexual selection

Answer 22

Competition between members of the same sex (tends to promote weaponry, badges and large body size)

Question 23

Intersexual selection

Answer 23

Mate choice by members of the opposite sex (tends to promote elaborate mating rituals, ornaments and displays)

Question 24

Biological species concept

Answer 24

Species is a group of individuals whose members have potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring

Question 25

Prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms

Answer 25

Before fertilization of the egg - Habitat isolation (geographical barriers prevent contact) - Temporal isolation (reproduce at different time of the day or year)

Question 26

Sympatric speciation

Answer 26

Speciation that happens in overlapping geographies

Question 27

Hybrid zones

Answer 27

Zones where 2 populations can interbreed

Question 28

Punctuated equilibrium

Answer 28

hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change

Question 29

Adaptive radiation

Answer 29

the diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches -Favored during founder events and when there is abundant resources.

Question 30

Prokaryotes

Answer 30

Mostly unicellular; lack nuclei; reproduce via binary fission; divided into two domains- archaea and bacteria; smaller than eukaryotes; lacks most organelles; come in a variety of shapes