Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

Answer 1

1st Collar

Answer 2

1st True Leaf

Answer 3

1st Node to 1st Collar

Answer 4

Shoot (Plumule)

Answer 5

Tip of Shoot

Answer 6

Apical Meristem

Answer 7

Zone of Elongation

Answer 8

Zone of Maturation

Answer 9

Endodermis

Answer 10

Root hairs

Answer 11

Vascular Cylinder

Answer 12

Palisade Mesophyll

Answer 13

Spongy Mesophyll

Answer 14

Veins (Vascular Tissue)

Answer 15

Plasma Membrane

Answer 16

Chloroplast

Answer 17

Mitochondria

Answer 18

Roughh Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 19

The property of water passing through a semipermeable membrane with the tendency of eventually equalizing the water potential in the two compartments

Answer 20

Net movement of anything generally moving from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

Answer 21

Membrane protein channels or pores controlling the selective movement of water primarily

Answer 22

Bidirectional transfer of water and small solutes across cell membranes

Answer 23

The process of regulating the osmotic properties of plant cells

Answer 24

Maintain a fixed concentration of cell membrane imperable molecules and ions in the fluid that surrounds cells

Answer 25

The change in free energy or chemical potential of water produced by solutes; carries a **negative** (minus) sign Also called solute potential

Answer 26

The pressure developed by a solution separated from pure water by a differentially permeable membrane; it is generally an index of the solute concentration of the solution

Answer 27

A process of rapid formation of bubbles in the xylem

Answer 28

Stunted Dark green leaves Older leaves brown Anthocyanin accumulation in leaves

Answer 29

H₂PO₄^-/ HPO₄^2- Nucleic acids/Phospholipids/Energy Transfer Toxicity → Root grwoth prolific

Answer 30

General chlorosis to light brown under extreme deficiency **Older** leaves may drop Stunting of growth

Answer 31

NO₃^-/ NH₄⁺ Component of amino acids/nucleic acids/chlorophyll/hormones Toxicity: Vegetative growth dark green color Reduced root growth

Answer 32

Chlorosis or mottling in **older** leaves Necrotic lesions Stems shortened and weakended - lodging

Answer 33

K⁺ **Osmotic Regulation:** Enzyme activation - photosynthesis Guard cell and leaf movement No known structural role Toxicity → Rare/Salt Stress

Answer 34

Meristems and young leaves necrotic Roots become 'slippery'

Answer 35

Ca²⁺ Cell division - microtubules Calcium pectates - cell wall formation Membrane stabilization Hormonal regulation Enzyme activation **Toxicity** → Reduced availability of iron and micronutrients

Answer 36

**Older** leaves interveinal chlorosis Necrotic spots Patches of yellow or orange

Answer 37

Mg²⁺ Chlorophyll ATP energy usage Enzyme activation - Rubisco PEP carboxylase **Toxicity** Reduced growth Serpentine soils

Answer 38

Interveinal chlorosis in **younger** leaves Leaves becoming **white** Necrosis

Answer 39

Electron transport - heme Chlorophyll synthesis **Toxicity** → Rare - easily precipitated

Answer 40

Nutrient elements that are required by plants in order to successfully complete their life cycle

Answer 41

Nutrients that are beneficial to the growth and development of some plants but have not been shown to be requirements of all plants

Answer 42

Nutrient elemeents that are required in excess of 10 mmole kg^-1 of dry weight

Answer 43

Nutreints that are required in relatively small quantities (less than 10 mmole kg^-1 of dry weight)

Answer 44

The loss of water vapor by plants; most transpiration occurs through **open** stomata

Answer 45

Root hairs and zone of maturation

Answer 46

Type of membrane transport that **does not require energy** to move substances across the cell membranes

Answer 47

Requires cellular energy to achieve the movement The movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration

Answer 48

the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins

Answer 49

Near surface environment in which water and energy transfer occurs from the soil through the plant to the atmosphere

Answer 50

Occurs during the night Slow/Much Resistance Water passes across from one living cell to another living cell

Answer 51

Occurs during the day Fast movement/Little Resistance Water moves from cell to cell through the intercellular spaces of walls of the cells

Answer 52

Root hairs

Answer 53

Strong mutual attraction between water molecules resulting from hydrogen bonding

Answer 54

Same forces that attract water molecules to each other will also attract water to solid surfaces

Answer 55

Water remains a neutral molecule but the separation of partial negative and positive charges generates a strong mutural (electricl) attraction between adjacent water molecules or between water and other polar molecules

Answer 56

A biological insult (e.g. insects, disease) to which a plant may be exposed

Answer 57

A physical (e.g. light, temperature) or chemical insult that the environment may impose on a plant

Answer 58

Protects the root from environmental stress and functions in gravity perception

Answer 59

Absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil

Answer 60

Provide additional support Storage Food Absorption of atmospheric moisture

Answer 61

Ensuring the key nutrients, water and other substances are transported throughout the plant

Answer 62

Pushes the cotyledons above the ground to develop

Answer 63

Help supply the nutrition a plant embryo needs to germinate and become established as a photosynthesis organism

Answer 64

Produce food for the plant by photosynthesis

Answer 65

Pipeline through which the products of photosynthesis are moved from individual leaves to the rest of the plant

Answer 66

Contributes to the bending of the blade such that the center of the leaf faces sunlight

Answer 67

Support for the leaf and transport both water and minerals (xylem) and food energy (phloem)

Answer 68

Way of telling average temperature by looking at the shape of the leaves

Answer 69

Link the nodes of a plant together

Answer 70

Uses the root system to draw up water and nutrients and deliver them to where they need to go in the plants leaves

Answer 71

Site of great cellular activity and growth

Answer 72

Provide propagation material and generate flowering shoots

Answer 73

Causes the shoot to grow longer Produce hormones that move downward along the shoot, inhibiting the growth of other buds on that shoot

Answer 74

Help anchor the young seedling and provide it with nutrients and water

Answer 75

Pushing the coleoptile to the soil surface

Answer 76

Providing the majority of the water and nutrients the corn plant needs for growth and development after V4

Answer 77

Help in the emergence of the first leaf by protecting it during its passage through the soil

Answer 78

Divison and growth in the root and shoot tips

Answer 79

Where the newly formed cells increase in length thereby lengthening the roots

Answer 80

Protection Storage Conductance

Answer 81

Apoplasmic barrier for selective nutrient uptake

Answer 82

Provide a protectice varrier against mechanical injury, water loss and infection

Answer 83

Photosynthesis since it contains large amount of chloroplast

Answer 84

Efficient gas exchange

Answer 85

Take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen

Answer 86

Provides tensile strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress

Answer 87

Provides protection for a cell

Answer 88

Helps maintain water balance

Answer 89

Allow plants to capture the energy of the sun in energy-rich molecules

Answer 90

Generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions

Answer 91

Produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function

Answer 92

Controls and Regulates the activities fo the cell