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Cardiopulmonary > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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0
Q

Red Blood Cell Count

A

5,000,000,000,000 cells/Liter

5 trillion cells/L

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1
Q

Hematocrit

A

Men: 37-49% is the proportion of cells to plasma

Women: 36-46% is the proportion of cells to plasma

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2
Q

Prehypertension

A

120-139mmHg systolic or 80-89mmHg diasystolic

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3
Q

Stage 1 HTN

A

140-159 mmHg systolic or 90-99 mmHg diastolic

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4
Q

Stage 2 HTN

A

160 and higher systolic mmHg or 100 mmHg or higher diastolic

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5
Q

Normal Cholesterol

A

<200 mg/dL^4

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6
Q

Borderline high cholesterol

A

200-239 mg/dL^4

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7
Q

High cholesterol

A

> 240 mg/dL^4

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8
Q

HDL

A

Men: 40-50 mg/dL^3

Women: 50-58 mg/dL^3

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9
Q

Normal LDL

A

<100 mg/dL^6

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10
Q

Borderline high LDL

A

130-159 mg/dL^6

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11
Q

High LDL

A

160-189 mg/dL^6

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12
Q

Very high LDL

A

> 189 mg/dL^6

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13
Q

White Bloodcell Count (WBC)

A

4,500-11,000 cells/mm^3

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14
Q

Platelet Count (PLT)

A

150,000-450,000

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15
Q

Hemoglobin (Hgb - iron)

A

Men: 13-18 g/dL

Women: 12-16 g/dL

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16
Q

Orthostatic HTN procedure

A

Have patient rest in supine for 3 mins
Move them into sitting and take vitals
Have them rest in sitting for 3 mins
Move them into standing and take vitals

If BP decreases >20mmHg systolic or >10mmHg diastolic or if heart rate increases >15bpm =Orthostatic Hypertension

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17
Q

Cardiac Enzymes

A

Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK-MB), Troponin, Lactic Dehydrogenase

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18
Q

Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK-MB) are cardiac enzymes that…

A

Are released when myocardial cells die.

Appears 3-6 hours after MI
Peak at 18-24 hours
Normalizes in 2-3 days

CPK-BB is similar but for brain damage

Less than 2.5 is normal

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19
Q

Troponin 1 is a cardiac enzyme that

A

Indicates myocardial injury, unstable angina, and increased risk for mortality w/in next few months

Appear: 3-6 hours after MI
Peak:14-28 hours
Normalizes: 7-14 days after MI

Normal Values: 0.0-0.14 (notes) Less than 0.6 ng/ml (Patho book)

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20
Q

Lactic Dehydrogenase is a cardiac enzyme that…

A

Appears: 12-24 hours
Peaks: 48-72 hours
Normalizes: 6-12 days

Normal amounts: 17-27%

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21
Q

Sternal Precautions (8 weeks)

Study These Flashcards
A

No lifting both arms over 90 degrees at the same time
No lifting, pushing, pulling over 8 lbs
No shoulder extension
No driving
No shoulder abduction
Avoid using arms for bed mobility and transfers

22
Q

Stage 1 HTN Drugs (without compelling indications)

Study These Flashcards
A

Thiazide-type diuretics for most ppl. May consider ACE Inhibitors, ARB, BB, CCB, or combination

23
Q

Stage 2 HTN Drugs (without compelling indications)

Study These Flashcards
A

Two drug combo for most (usually Thiazide-type diuretic and ACE Inhibitors or ARB, or BB, or CCB)

24
Hypokalemia Adverse Effects
DYSRHYTHMIAS, weakness, fatigue, Muscle cramps, constipation
25
Hypomagnesemia Adverse Effects
Weakness, confusion, diminished reflexes, muscle twitching, dysrhythmias
26
Hypercalcemia Adverse Effects
Greater GI effects, excessive thirst, frequent urination, constipation, N/V
27
Beta 1 Blockers (cardioselective)
Atenolol (Tenormin) Bisoprolol (Zebeta) Metoprolol
28
Nonselective Beta Blockers (Beta 1 and 2)
Carvedilol (Coreg) Labetalol (Trandate) Propranolol (Inderal)
29
Alpha & Beta Beta Blockers
Carvedilol (Coreg) | Labetalol (Trandate)
30
Beta Blockers Site of Action
Bind at Beta-adrenoreceptors to block binding of NE and E which inhibits normal sympathetic effects of these receptors Beta 1 are cardiac specific Beta 2 are lung specific Alpha deal with peripheral vasculature Ends in -OLOL
31
Diuretics (Thiazide, Loop, Potassium-Sparing, Aldosterone Antagonists) for HTN
Diuretics causes diuresis which decreases plasma volume which decreases cardiac output and depresses BP End in -ONE or -AZIDE
32
Adverse Effects of Diuretics
``` Hypokalemia Hypomanesemia Hypercalcemia Hyperglycemia Hyperuricemia Increased urination Kidney Stones (Potassium-Sparing) Gynecomastia (Aldosterone Antagonists) Impotence (Aldosterone Antagonists) ```
33
Beta Blockers Adverse Rxns
Bradycardia (reduces workload) Decreased Exercise Tolerance Cold Extremities Depression In Non-Selective Drugs: Bronospasm (SOB, dry cough) Block Hypoglycemic Sx Increased Risk for Hypoglycemia
34
ACE Inhibitors
Stops the conversion of Angiotensin 1 to 2 in blood vessels resulting in vasodilatation Used in pts with HTN, CHF, MI Ends in -PRIL
35
ACE Inhibitor Adverse Reactions
Hyperkalemia Lightheadedness Dry Cough Renal Insuffiency (transient decrease in GFR)
36
Angiotensin 2 Receptor Blockers (ARB)
Block Angiotensin 2 at the receptor to keep BP down Indicated for HTN, CHF, MI End in -SARTAN
37
Calcium Channel Blockers
Cause relaxation of cardiac and smooth muscle by blocking voltage sensitive calcium channels Two Main Classes: Dihydropyridines (DHPs) and Non-Dihydropyridines(Non-DHPs) DHPs are indicated for HTN, Angina Non-DHPs are indicated for HTN, Angina, Atrial Arrhythmias DHPs end in -DIPINE Non-DHPs end in -AZEM and -AMIL
38
Calcium Channel Blockers Side Effects
Muscle Weakness GERD Constipation
39
Cardiac Glycosides (Digitalis)
Indications: CHF Increases how forcefully the heart contracts (positive iontropy) by inhibiting Na/K-ATPase pump causing Na to Increase and Ca to accumulate (stronger contraction) and vasoconstriction of smooth muscle Almost always will have a combo prescription with a potassium supplement
40
Cardiac Glycosides (Digitalis) Side Effects
``` Bradycardia Fatigue Dizziness Visual Problems Hypokalemia ```
41
Nitrodilators
Indications: ANGINA, CHF Forms Nitric Oxide leading to smooth muscle relaxation Common Nitrodilators: Short-Acting Nitrates- Nitroglycerin spray & sublingual, Long-Acting Nitrates- Isosorbride
42
Nitrodilators Side Effects
Headaches (blood pools in the head) Lightheadedness Orthostatic HTN *Take meds while sitting*
43
Anticoagulants
Indications: To prevent and treat VENOUS thromboembolism (clotting in the legs) Heparin- Inhibits thrombin & factor X in the coagulation pathway Warfarin- Antagonizes Vit. K which is necessary for several coagulation factors to work
44
Anticoagulants Side Effects
``` Pettechia (small blood vessels that burst, pink dots) Nose bleeds Blood in stool Easy Bruising New onset of pain Hypotension ```
45
Antiplatelets/Antithrombotics
Indications: To prevent ARTERIAL thrombus Inhibits platelet (thrombocyte) aggregation Examples: Aspirin, Clopidogrel (Plavix)
46
Antiplatelet/Antithrombotics Side Effects
Risk of bleeding | Bruising Easily
47
Antihyperlipedemics (Statins)
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors= STATINS Indications: First agent for treating High Cholesterol (>240 mg/dL^4) Inhibits HMG-CoA Reductase, which helps in production of cholesterol in the liver, thereby reducing cholesterol production
48
Antihyperlipedemics (Statins) Side Effects
``` *Myalgias* Gas Diarrhea Dyspepsia (GI reflux) Increased liver enzymes ```
49
Rhabdomyolysis
Serious Adverse Reaction (to Statins?) Breakdown of myoglobin in skeletal muscle that gets released into the bloodstream and moves into Kidneys ``` Sx: Dark, red or coke-like urine (call 911) Muscle pain or tenderness Confusion Fatigue ```
50
Blood Pressure Equation
BP= Cardiac Output (SV x HR) x Peripheral Vascular Resistance
51
Chronic HTN increases:
``` Workload on the heart Risk for ischemia and infarct Risk for heart failure Risk for a lower cardiac output Lower Exercise Tolerance Organ damage- brain and kidneys ```
52
Triglycerides
Normal <150 mg/dL
53
Family History Risk Factors for CAD
Higher risk if a 1st degree female family member had their 1st coronary event < 60 yo Higher risk if a 1st degree male relative had 1st coronary event <55 yo

Cardiopulmonary (3 decks)

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