EXAM 1 Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
What is developmental science?
A
the study of constancy & change throught the lifespan
2
Q
What is a theory?
A
An orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explans, & predicts behavior
3
Q
Basic Issues: CONTINOUS or Discontinuous?
A
Continuous:
- consistency
- a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there, to begin with
- e.g. like a tree (growth process is the same)
4
Q
Basic Issues: Continuous or DISCONTINUOUS?
A
Discontinuous:
- change
- a process in which new ways of understanding & responding to the world emerge at specific times
- e.g. like a butterfly (grows & undergoes different stages)
5
Q
Basic issues: One course of development or many?
A
unique combos of personal environmental circumstances can result in different paths of change
6
Q
Basic Issues: NATURE vs. nurture
A
- genetic inheritance
- biological givens
7
Q
Basic Issues: nature vs. NURTURE
A
- physical & social world influences these experiences
8
Q
Stability
A
- persistence of individual differences
- lifelong patterns etablished by early experiences
9
Q
Lifespan Perspective: Development is…
1.
2.
3.
A
- lifelong
- multidimensional & multidirectional
- influenced by multiple interaccting forces
10
Q
Plasticity
A
- development is open to change
- change occurs based on influential experiences
11
Q
Periods of Development: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
A
- Prenatal
- Infancy & toddlerhood
- Early childhood
- Middle childhood
- Adolescence
- Early adulthood
- Middle adulthood
- Late adulthood
12
Q
Periods of Development: Prenatal
A
conception to birth
13
Q
Periods of Development: Infancy & toddlerhood
A
birth to 2 years
14
Q
Periods of Development: Early childhood
A
2 to 6 years
15
Q
Periods of Development: Middle Childhood
A
6 to 11 years
16
Q
Periods of Development: Adolescence
A
11 to 18 years
17
Q
Periods of Development: Early adulthood
A
18 to 40 years
18
Q
Periods of Development: Middle adulthood
A
40 to 65 years
19
Q
Periods of Deveopment; Late adulthood
A
65 years+
20
Q
Major Domains of Development:
1.
2.
3.
A
- Physical
- Cognitive
- Socioemotional
21
Q
What is determined by heredity?
A
an individual’s characteristics
22
Q
What is resilience?
A
the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development
23
Q
Influences on Development:
1.
2.
3.
A
- Age
- History
- Nonnormative influences
24
Q
What is something that can be modified through caregiving experiences?
A
an individual’s personality
25
Resilience factos include:
- personal characteristics
- warm parental relationship
- social support outside the family
- community resources & opportunities
26
Early Scientific Theories:
1.
2.
3.
1. Theory of evolution (Darwin)
2. Normative approach (Hall, Gesell)
3. Mental testing movement (Binet)
27
Early Scientific Theories: Theory of evolution (Darwin)
- natural selection
| - survival of the fittest
28
Early Scientific Theories: Normative approach ( Hall, Gesell)
- child study movement
- development as a maturational process
- age-related averages
29
Early Scientific Theories: Mental testing movement (Binet)
- first successful intelligence test
| - sparked interest in individual differences in development
30
Mid-twentieth-century theories: Psychoanalytic Perspective (Freud & Erikson)
- personality development is influenced by how children resolve conflicts between biological drives & social expecations
31
Freud's Three Parts of the Personality:
1.
2.
3.
1. ID
2. Ego
3. Superego
32
Freud's Three Parts of the Personality: ID
ID:
- unconscious
- present at birth
- biological needs/ desires
33
Freud's Three Parts of the Personality: EGO
EGO:
- conscious
- rational part of personality
- emerges in early infancy
- redirects ID impulses in acceptable ways
34
Freud's Three Parts of the Personality: SUPEREGO
SUPEREGO:
- the conscience
- develops from ages 3-6 through interactions with caregivers
35
```
Freud's Psychosexual Stages:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
```
1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Latency
5. Genital
36
Behaviorism & Social Learning Theory:
1.
2.
3.
1. Classical conditioning
2. Operant conditioning
3. Social learning theory
37
Behaviorism & Social Learning Theory: Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning:
| - stimulus-response
38
Behaviorism & Social Learning Theory: Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning:
- reinforcers
- punishments
39
Behaviorism & Social Learning Theory: Social Learning Theory
Social Learning Theory:
- modeling
- observational learning
40
Piaget's Cognitive- Developmental Theory:
- actively construct knowledge by exploring their world
- mental structures adapt to better fit with environment
- development moves through 4 broad stages
41
```
Piaget's four broad stages:
1.
2.
3.
4.
```
1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete operational
4. Formal operational
42
Piaget's four broad stages: Sensorimotor
- birth to 2 years
| - infants use senses & movement to explore
43
Piaget's four broad stages: Preoperational
- 2 to 7 years
- use symbols
- develop language
- make-believe play
- lack logic
44
Piaget's four broad stages: Concrete operational
- 7 to 11 years
| - reasoning becomes logical & better organized
45
Piaget's four broad stages: Formal operational
- 11 years+
- use hypotheses &b deduction
- can evaluate logic of verbal statements
46
Information Processing:
- development as a continuous process
- view of the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system
- input = experiences
- output = behavioral response
47
Developmental (COGNITIVE) Neuroscience:
- study relationship between:
- brain activity
- cognitive processing
- behavior patterns
- incorporates psychology, biology, neuroscience, medicine
48
Developmental (SOCIAL) Neuroscience:
- relationship between brain activity and emotional & social development
- e.g. adolescent's risk-taking behavior
49
Ethology & Evolutionary Development Psychology:
* the study of _______
- the study of adaptive/survival value of behavior
50
Acquisition of adaptive behaviors: Critical Period
Critical Period:
| - biologically prepared to acquire adaptive behaviors during limited time span
51
Acquisition of adaptive behaviors: Sensitive period
Sensitive Period:
- optimal time
- especially responsive to environmental influences
52
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory:
- transmission to the next generation of a culture's values, beliefs, customs, & skills
53
Cooperative dialogues:
- between children & knowledgeable members of society is necessary
54
Common Research Methods:
1. Systematic observation
2. Self-reports
3. Case study method
4. Ethnography
55
Systematic Observation: Naturalistic Observation
- observation of behavior in natural contexts
| - reflects participants' everyday lives
56
Systematic Observation: Structured Observation
- observation behvaior in lab
| - gives all participants opportunity to display behavior
57
Self- Reports: Clinical Interview
- conversational style
- participant's pov
- lots of info in short period
58
Self-Report: Structured Interview
- all participant's ask the same questions
| - comparisons
59
Clinical/ Case Study Method:
- full pitcutre of individual's psycholoical functioning
- combines info from interviews, observations, test scores, artifacts
- conclusions prob only generalized for peope studied
60
Ethnography:
- participant observation of cuture or social group
61
What is a genotype?
- genetic info
| - contains expressed & unexpressed characterisitics
62
What is a phenotype?
- observable characteristics
63
What is DNA?
chemical substances that make up chromosomes
64
What are chromosomes?
- rodlike structures (in cells)
| - store and trasnmit genetic info
65
What are genes?
- segements of DNA
| - locatred along chromosomes
66
How many chromosomes ( + pairs) does one human cell have?
- 46 chromosomes
| - (26 chromosome pairs)
67
What is mitosis?
- when DNA duplicates itself
| - produces new body cells containing same genetic info
68
What are autosomes?
- 22 pairs of chromosomes (not sex cells)
69
What do sex chromosomes do?
determines sex of baby
70
Sex chromosomes:
- XX = ________
- XY = ________
- XX = female
| - XY = male
71
What are gametes?
- sex cells: sperm & ovum
72
What are zygotes?
- sperm & ovum untied
73
What is meiosis?
- when gametes (sex cells) are formed
| - halves the # of cell chromosomes present
74
Meiosis: what happens when there's an exchange of chromosome segments?
- genetic variability
| - chromosomal defects
75
Twins: Fraternal/ Dizygotic
- two zygots or fertilized ova
| - most common
76
Twins: Fraternal/ Dizygotic
| - Major causes:
- older maternal age
- fertility drugs
- in vitro fertilization
77
Twins: Identical/ Monozygotic
- when a single zygote sperates from two individuals
78
What are alleles?
- two forms of the same gene, one inherited from each parent
79
What are homozygous alleles?
- when both alleles are alike
80
What are heterozygous alleles?
- when both alleles are different
81
Dominant-recessive inheritance:
- only the dominant allele affects children's phentotypic characteristics
- carriers: heterozygous (1 recessive allele that can be passed on to children)
82
What is an x-linked inheritance?
when a harmful alleles is carried on the X chromosome
83
What is an x-linked inheritance?
when a harmful alleles is carried on the X chromosome
84
What is mutation?
- when harmful genes are created
85
Types of mutation: Germline mutation
- takes place in the cells that give rise to gametes
86
Types of mutations: Somatic mutation
- when normal body cells mututate
| - can occur at any time of life
87
Types of mutations: Somatic mutation
- when normal body cells mututate
| - can occur at any time of life
88
What is polygenic inheritance?
- characterisitics influenced by many genes
- height
- weight
- intelligence
- personality
89
Chromosomal abnormalities: Down syndrome
- results when 21st chromosome pair fails to separate during meiosis
90
Chromosomal abnormalities: Sex chromosome abormalities
- caused by problems with X or Y chromosome
- often not recognized until adulthood
- specific intellectual problems
91
What is genetic counseling?
- helps couples choose best course of action in view of risks & family goals
92
When is genetic counseling recommended?
- when a couple has difficulties conceiving
- when known genetic problems exist
- when either parent is 35+
93
Types of reproductive technologies:
1. donor insemination
2. in vitro fertilzation
3. surrogate motherhood
4. new technologies
94
Types of prenatal diagnostic methods:
1. maternal blood analysis
2. fetoscopy
3. ultrasound
95
Fetal medicine:
- drug administration to fetus
- surgery
- blood transfusions
- bone marrow transplants
96
Fetal medicine risks include:
- complications
| - usually premature labor or miscarriage
97
What are some environmental contexts for development?
1. family influences
2. socioeconomic status (SES)
3. neighborhoods, schools, cities
4. cultural influences
98
Family influences on development: INDIRECT
Indirect: third parties
e.g. healthy marriage fosters child, effective coparenting
99
Family influences on development: DIRECT
Direct: two-person relationships
e.g. parent, sibling, marital spouse
100
Family influences on development: Adapting to changes within & outside family
eg. birth of a baby
101
Socioeconomic status (SES) combines which three relatable variables?
1.
2.
3.
1. years of education (social status)
2. prestige of one's job & kills required (social status)
3. income (economis status)
102
What are some things that socioeconomic (ses) status is linked to?
- timing of marriage & parenthood
- family size
- values & expectations
- communication & discipline style
- parent's education & economic security
- children's physical, cognitive, & social development
103
Behavioral Genetics: How much does heredity contribute to behavior?
Heritability Estimates:
- measures which indivudal differences in complex traits are due to heredity
104
What is Gene- Environment Correlation?
- the ways in which our genes influences the environments to which we are exposed
105
Passive Correlation:
- when parents provide environments influenced by their own heredity
106
Evocative correlation:
- when children evoke responses infuenced by the child's heredity
107
Active correlation:
- when children actively seek environments that fit with their genetic tendencies
108
Active correlation: Niche-picking:
- the tendency to actrively choose environments that complement our heredity
109
What is epigensis:
- developments results from bidirectional exchnages between heredity & all levels of environment
- genes affect behavior &
experiences
- experiences & behavior
affect gene expression
110
What is conception?
- when the ovum releases from one of the ovaries once every 28 days
- sperm & ovum unite
- most conceptions result from intercourse on day of ovulation or two days preceding it
111
What are the three periods of prenatal development?
1.
2.
3.
1. Germinal (2 weeks)
2. Embryonic (6 weeks)
3. Fetal (30 weeks)
112
Period of Prental Development: Germinal
- fertilization
| - development of feeding & protective structures
113
Period of Prenatal Development: Embryonic
- groundwork for all body structures (cns, muscles, etc.)
| - herat begins pupming blood
114
Period of Prenatal Development: Fetal
- "growth & finishing" phase
- begins at 3rd month
- 2nd trimester (12th-20th week)
- 3rd trimester (22-26 weeks)
115
What are tertogens?
- environmental agents that cause damage during the prenatal period
116
Examples of teratogenic substances?
- drugs
- prescription
- nonpresecription
- illegal
- cocain & heroin
- marijuana
117
Tertogens: Alcohol disorders
- FASD: fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
- FAS: fetal alcohol syndrome
- p-FAS: partial fetal alcohol syndrome
- ARND: alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder
118
Teratogenic substances: Drugs (Prescription)
- thalidomide
- isotretinoin
- missing limbs
- abnormalities
119
Teratogenic substances: Drugs (Nonprescription)
- aspirin
| - low birth weight, etc.
120
Teratogenic substances: Drugs (Illegal)
- cocain & heroin
- prematurity
- low birth weight
- physical defects
- breathing difficulties
- promblems with:
- motor skills
- language
- attention & memory
- impulse control
121
Tertogenic substances: Drugs (Illegal)
-marijuana
- attention
- memory
- academic achievement
difficulties
- impulsivity
- depression & aggression
122
Teratogens: Tobacco & passive smoking
- low birth weight
- prematurity
- miscarriage
123
Examples of tertogens:
- tobacco & passive smoking
- alcohol
- radiation
- pollution
- infectious diseases
124
Tertogens: Radiation (ionizing radiation)
- miscarriage
- underdeveloped brains
- physical deformities
- childhood cancer
125
Teratogens: Pollution
- physical deformities
- mental retardation
- abnormal speech
126
Teratogens: Infectious diseases
- Rubella:
- mental retardation
- deafness
- heart abnormalities
- HIV & AIDS:
- if untreated, infant death
by 3
127
Tertogenic Effects?
```
depends on:
- dose
- heredity
- presence of other
negative influences
- age & prenatal sensitive
periods
```
* delayed health effects may show up decades later *
128
What are some other maternal factors that can occur in prenatal development?
- nutrition/ malnutrition
- emotional stress
- maternal age
- lack of prenatal health care
129
Things to monitor & the importance of prenatal care?
- monitor general health
| - treat complications
130
What are the stages of childbirth?
1.
2.
3.
1. dilation & effacement of the cervix
2. delivery of the baby
3. delivery of the placenta
131
What & when is the APGAR scale used?
- assess newborn's physical condition
| - right after birth
132
What does APGAR stand for?
```
(A) pperance
(P) ulse
(G) rimace
(A) ctivity
(R) espiration
```
133
Birth complications
- Anoxia: oxygen deprivation
| - Breech position
134
What are some medical interventions during childbirth?
- labor & delivery meds
- epidural, analgesia, other anesthetics
- c-section
135
What does "preterm baby" mean?
- borth 3 weeks or more before due date
136
What does "small-for-date baby" mean?
- below expected weight for length of pregnancy
- can be preterm or full-
term baby
137
Interventions for preterm infants include?
- temperature-controlled isolette
- repirator
- feeding tube
- special simulation
- gentle rocking
- visual/auditory
stimulation
- touch (skin-to-skin)
- parent in training in infant caregiving helps in development
138
What are some newborn reflexes?
- eye blink
- rooting
- sucking
- moro
- palmar grasp
- tonic neck
- stepping
- babinski
* tested to reveal health of baby's nervous system*
139
Newborn Reflexes: Babinski
- toe reflexes
| - when bottom foot is stroked
140
Newborn Reflexes: Moro
- sudden loud noise + movement
141
Newborn Reflexes: Rooting
- when baby's cheek is stroked + head (turn) movement
142
Newborn Reflexes: Tonic neck
- cling to caregiver
| - embracing motion
