Exam 1

Question 1

the scientific discipline concerned with the
understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system,
and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in
order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.
Ergonomists contribute to the design and evaluation of tasks, jobs, products,
environments and systems in order to make them compatible with the needs,
abilities and limitations of people.

Answer 1

Ergonomics

Question 2

a discipline that considers the
cognitive, physical, and organizational influences on human
behavior to improve human interaction with products and
process.

Answer 2

Human factors

Question 3

typically used in the USA

Answer 3

human factors

Question 4

typically used in europe

Answer 4

ergonomics

Question 5

Father of “Science of Management”

Answer 5

Fred Taylor

Question 6

stay alert for extended periods of time

Answer 6

fatiguing process

Question 7

accurate and precise monitoring

Answer 7

vigilance tasks

Question 8

any deviation from “appropriate” behavior that can lead to undesirable outcomes

Answer 8

errors

Question 9

an unintended action

Answer 9

slip

Question 10

a wrong goal/plan is established and subsequent actions are inappropriate

Answer 10

mistake

Question 11

create->evaluate->understand

Answer 11

design cycle

Question 12

focuses more on safety

Answer 12

high risk domains

Question 13

focuses more on performance

Answer 13

workplace

Question 14

focuses more on satisfaction

Answer 14

consumer products

Question 15

focuses more on changing what operators do than on changing the devices they use

Answer 15

task design

Question 16

changes the physical equipment that people work with

Answer 16

equipment design

Question 17

changes the physical environment where the tasks are carried out

Answer 17

environmental design

Question 18

changes the makeup of the team or organization by picking people that are best suited to the job.

Answer 18

selection

Question 19

changes how groups of people communicate and relate to each other, and provides a broad view that includes the organizational climate where the work is performed

Answer 19

team and organization design

Question 20

closely related to human factors, but focuses on the cognitive considerations, particularly in the context of safety of complex systems, such as nuclear power plant

Answer 20

cognitive engineering

Question 21

takes complex systems as its focus

Answer 21

macroergonomics

Question 22

addresses the need to con- sider not just the details of particular devices or processes, but the need to consider the overall work system.

Answer 22

macroergonomics

Question 23

considers how designs must consider how people interact with all systems, to the point of forecasting availability of qualified staff based on demographic trends and training requirements.

Answer 23

human systems integration

Question 24

often linked to the field of user experience and tends to focus more on software and less on the physical and organizational environment

Answer 24

human computer interaction

Question 25

he focus is on improving the performance of the person and the technology, not just making the technology perform better

Answer 25

joint optimization

Question 26

time and motion study

Answer 26

frank and lillian gilbreth

Question 27

average of trained employees

Answer 27

qualified employee

Question 28

often used in the design of large, high-risk systems, such as the design of a new aircraft, where sequential development is possible and verification, validation, and documentation are critical

Answer 28

vee process

Question 29

commonly used to enhance workplace efficiency and production quality [30]. The cycle begins with the target improvement.

Answer 29

Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle

Question 30

more typical of consumer software products, such as smartphone and web applications, where an iterative and incre- mental approach is needed to resolve uncertainty in design re- quirements

Answer 30

scrum process

Question 31

a work measurement technique whereby times established for basic human motions are used to build up the time for a job at a defined level of performance.

Answer 31

predetermined motion time system

Question 32

reach and move

Answer 32

can hardly be improved by additional training

Question 33

grasp and position

Answer 33

can be improved by training

Question 34

work measurement technique that concentrates on the movement of objects. It is used to analyze work and to determine the normal time that it would take to perform a particular process /operation.

Answer 34

MOST

Question 35

improving the performance of manual work

Answer 35

time motion studies

Question 36

improving the computer systems and consumer products

Answer 36

contextual inquiries

Question 37

way of systematically describing human interaction with a system to understand how to match the demands of the system to human capabilities

Answer 37

task anaylsis

Question 38

identify new way of doing things

Answer 38

hierarchal relationships

Question 39

helps specify interface content

Answer 39

information flow

Question 40

specifies efficient interatction

Answer 40

sequence and timing

Question 41

not a real user but include key information of user characteristics

Answer 41

persona

Question 42

Provide response that is grounded in years of design practice and much research on human behavior

Answer 42

design heuristics

Question 43

They are solution to commonly occurring design problems and are most typically associated with software but also physical systems

Answer 43

design patterns

Question 44

which form of evaluation: qualitative measures such as observations, interviews; understand and diagnose

Answer 44

formative evaluation

Question 45

which form of observation: quantitative measures such as numeric indicator of performance such as response time, frequency of use; verify

Answer 45

summative evaluation

Question 46

address important limits of direct observations.

Answer 46

retrospective and prospective protocol analysis

Question 47

involve the human factors specialist asking the user to describe their tasks.

Answer 47

structured and unstructured interviews

Question 48

typically used after designers have obtained preliminary descriptions of activities or basic tasks.

Answer 48

surveys and questionnaires

Question 49

can be shown as an arrangement of tasks where tasks are broken into more specific subtasks

Answer 49

task hierarchy data

Question 50

shown in sequence diagrams that show the order and duration tasks for each object and person in the system.

Answer 50

task sequence data

Question 51

considers whether the system is going to place excessive mental or physical demands on the user, either alone or in conjunction with other tasks

Answer 51

workload analysis

Question 52

should be conducted any time a product or system has implications for human safety.should be conducted any time a product or system has implications for human safety.

Answer 52

safety and hazard analysis

Question 53

considers how to distribute tasks between the human operator and technology.

Answer 53

function allocation analysis

Question 54

calculates the importance of features that best serve the user needs

Answer 54

cost/benefit analysis

Question 55

to identify opportunities to improve a design to | serve better user need and preference efficiently.

Answer 55

evaluation

Question 56

best suited for interaction design

Answer 56

cognitive walkthrough

Question 57

best for interface design

Answer 57

heuristic evaluation

Question 58

Helps identify design problems and opportunities for improvements as part of developments

Answer 58

usability test

Question 59

Protective outer surface over lens of eye

Answer 59

cornea

Question 60

Aperture of which size is controlled by iris:

Answer 60

pupil

Question 61

Changes in shape through ciliary muscle action to focus objects

Answer 61

lens

Question 62

converts electromagnetic waves to electrochemical signals

Answer 62

retina

Question 63

is generated by photoreceptors in retina – rod and cone cells

Answer 63

vision

Question 64

Adapt to lower light levels

Answer 64

rod cells

Question 65

high sensitivity but poor acuity

Answer 65

rod cells

Question 66

Active at higher light levels

Answer 66

cone cells

Question 67

high acuity but low sensitivity

Answer 67

cone cells

Question 68

are saturated combinations of different wavelengths (λ)

Answer 68

hues

Question 69

Degree of deviation of wavelength of color from “white point”

Answer 69

saturation

Question 70

actual light energy of source

Answer 70

luminous intensity

Question 71

amount of light hitting object you see

Answer 71

illuminance

Question 72

perceived brightness of given object

Answer 72

luminance

Question 73

Point at which rods become more sensitive is called

Answer 73

rod-cone break

Question 74

Ability to detect and discriminate fine details of objects at distance

Answer 74

acuity

Question 75

rate at which areas of stimuli alternate between light (white) and dark (black) per degree of visual angle (cycles per degree (CPD))

Answer 75

spatial frequency

Question 76

Allow for perception of color

Answer 76

cones in retina

Question 77

People with normal color vision are

Answer 77

trichromats

Question 78

Ability to focus objects at different distances through involuntary contraction/relaxation of ciliary muscles

Answer 78

accomodation

Question 79

is a depth cue that results because the closer an object is to the observer, the greater the amount of disparity there is between the view of the object received by each eyeball.

Answer 79

binocular disparity

Question 80

is the converging of parallel lines (i.e., the road) toward the more distant points.

Answer 80

linear perspective

Question 81

is a cue based on the knowledge that if two objects are the same true size (e.g., the two trucks in the figure), then the object that occupies a smaller visual angle (the more distant vehicle in the figure) is farther away.

Answer 81

relative size

Question 82

describes how nearer objects obscure objects that are farther away

Answer 82

interposition