Exam 1 Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
… is the highest level of processing when it comes to communication; it’s where we come up and think of the intention to communicate a message
A
Cognitive-Linguistic process
2
Q
Problems at the level of … result in acquired language disorders (e.g., the aphasia, cognitive communicative disorders, acquired disorders, etc.)
A
Cognitive-Linguistic Processing
3
Q
… is the middle level (middle man) where the neuromuscular plans and programs are selected and sequenced and is based upon what the cognitive-linguistic processes resulted in.
A
Motor speech programming
4
Q
Problems in the … include apraxia of speech.
A
Motor speech programming (middle level)
5
Q
What are the 3 neurologic processes of speech production?
A
- Cognitive-Linguistic Processes
- Motor Speech Programming
- Neuromuscular Execution
(these are in order)
6
Q
… is where the plans and programs are realized in the body and executed.
A
Neuromuscular Execution
7
Q
… involves the processes of respiration, phonation, and articulation. Those plans of … result in changes in respiration, phonation, and articulation in the body. If you have problems at this lowest level, it’s likely dysarthria.
A
Neuromuscular Execution
8
Q
Problems at the cognitive-linguistic processing level result in…
A
acquired language disorders (e.g., aphasias)
9
Q
Problems in the motor speech programming (middle level) may result in…
A
Apraxia of speech
10
Q
Problems at the neuromuscular execution level may result in…
A
dysarthria
11
Q
… is an acquired, selective impairment of language modalities and functions resulting from a focal brain lesion in the language-dominant hemisphere that affects the person’s (and family’s) communicative and social function and quality of life.
A
Aphasia
12
Q
… consist of impairment of one of the domains of cognition (orientation, attention, memory, and/or executive function) that significantly impacts an individual’s ability to communicate and function in society and their quality of life
A
Cognitive-Communicative Disorders
13
Q
… are speech disorders resulting form neurologic impairments that affect the planning, programming, control, and execution of speech (e.g., dysarthria & apraxia)
A
Motor speech disorders
14
Q
Aphasias (are)/(are not) disorders of cognition or intellect.
A
are NOT
15
Q
Name the 4 fluent aphasias:
A
- Anomic
- Transcortical Sensory
- Conduction
- Wernicke’s
16
Q
Name the 4 non-fluent aphasias:
A
- Broca’s
- Transcortical motor
- Mixed Transcortical
- Global
17
Q
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
A
Anomic
18
Q
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
A
Anomic
19
Q
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
A
Broca’s
20
Q
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
A
Broca’s
21
Q
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
A
Conduction
22
Q
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
A
Conduction
23
Q
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
A
Global
24
Q
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
A
Global
25
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Mixed Transcortical
26
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Mixed Transcortical
27
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Transcortical Motor
28
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Transcortical Motor
29
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Transcortical Sensory
30
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Transcortical Sensory
31
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Wernicke's
32
The following are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Wernicke's
33
In … aphasia, expression is most impaired
Nonfluent
34
In … aphasia, language reception is impaired to differing extents
fluent
35
In … aphasia, language reception is impaired to differing extents
fluent
36
… aphasia is different from any of the other aphasias because it is progressive, and there's not one singular event that causes it.
Primary progressive aphasia
37
… aphasia is characterized by slow language loss that is associated w/ frontotemporal dementia and other progressive neurological disorders (like other dementias and neurological syndromes)
Primary progressive aphasia
38
… is a complete lack of oxygen to the brain
Anoxia
39
… is a partial lack of oxygen to the brain
Hypoxia
40
… is an acute part of the brain losing oxygen due to a blockage resulting in cell death
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) - Ischemic
41
… is an acute part of the brain losing oxygen due to a ruptured blood vessel, resulting in cell death
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) - Hemorrhagic
42
What are the 3 types of ischemic stroke?
1. Thrombotic
2. Embolic
3. Transient Ischemic Attack
43
What are the 3 types of hemorrhagic stroke?
1. Intraparenchymal
2. Subarachnoid
3. Subdural
44
A … is caused by a thrombus (blood clot) that develops in the arteries supplying blood to the brain
Thrombotic CVA
45
A … is caused by an embolus which can be a blood clot, plaque, or fatty debris
Embolic CVA
46
A … is bleeding from the blood vessels in the brain itself
Intraparenchymal CVA
47
A … happens when bleeding occurs in the subarachnoid space
Subarachnoid CVA
48
A … happens when bleeding occurs in the tiny area of the subdural space that occurs between the dura and the arachnoid
Subdural CVA
49
A … is an internal, physical insult to the head or brain that damages the brain tissue
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
50
What are the two types of TBI?
1. Penetrating
2. Non-penetrating
51
A … TBI breaks through the skull
Penetrating
52
A … TBI is trauma or injury w/o an open wound to the head
non-penetrating
53
… is a progressive condition caused by repeated concussion or repeated TBI
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
* cannot be diagnosed while living
54
Anoxia and hypoxia, often a result from asphyxiation or heart attack, has … effects on the brain, not just speech or language
global
55
… (neoplasms) occur when there's uninhibited cell replication in the brain
Brain tumors
56
… is a cognitive impairment greater than expected for normal aging w/ no obvious cause; less severe; often diagnosed in middle age (50-60); warning sign that dementia is imminent
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
57
… is a progressive cognitive disorder that eventually interferes w/ an individual's functioning; so much so that in later stages of the disease, they will need external help to be cared for; can affect cortical (e.g., frontal, temporal, parietal lobes) or subcortical (e.g., cerebellum, basal ganglia, brainstem) structures of the brain; affects your memory, general thinking/thought processes, and social abilities
Demetia
58
What are the 2 types of dementia?
1. Cortical
2. Subcortical
59
… dementia affects primarily the frontal, temporal (specifically the hippocampus), and parietal lobe
Cortical
60
… dementia primarily impacts structures such as the basal ganglia and cerebellum (vascular, lewy body, CBD, PSP, HD)
Subcortical
61
… is usually caused by a stroke or other TBI to the right side of the brain; may present w/ linguistic processing deficits, oftentimes about emotional aspects of words and pragmatics
Right hemisphere disorder
62
… is the inability/impaired ability to read
Alexia
63
… is the inability/impaired ability to write
Agraphia
64
… can occur w/ a right hemisphere stroke; a person's visual ability and their vision is NOT impaired BUT they no longer have a spatial awareness/attention to their environment, specifically on the left side of their body
Left neglect
65
… is similar to left neglect HOWEVER it's much more mild and on the right side. It's more mild due to the redundancy of the two hemispheres, so it usually doesn't impact daily life.
Right inattention
66
… goes hand-in-hand w/ Wernicke's; it's a pathological lack of insight into your own deficits; usually happens if that individual's comprehension is somehow compromised
Anosognosia
67
… refers to facial blindness or the inability to recognize faces; every person you see is a stranger to you; can be a result of any of the neurological disorders
Prosopagnosia
68
… is a deficit in either comprehending and/or expressing variations in speech prosody; can include tone of voice (e.g., question/statement, emotional affect information, etc.)
Aprosodia
69
… refers to rapid and exaggerated changes in mood and emotional affect that do not necessarily match the person's internal state that can occur after a stroke.
Emotional lability
70
… refers to telegraphic speech in which there's no grammar (e.g., function words, article, prepositions, pronouns may be completely removed)
Agrammatism
71
… refers to telegraphic speech in which some function words are preserved but grammar is still affected
Paragrammatism
72
The cerebrum is divided into right and left hemispheres and is connected by the…
corpus collosum
73
The following are characteristic of the…:
* controls things like personality, judgment, reasoning, impulse control, working memory, motivation, attention - executive functions
* latest part of your brain to develop
* one of the newest parts of the brain evolutionarily
Frontal lobe
74
On the frontal lobe, the precentral gyrus contains the…
primary motor area
75
On the frontal lobe, … is in the left hemisphere ONLY
Broca's Area
76
On the frontal lobe, … is in the left hemisphere ONLY
Broca's Area
77
Broca's Area is in the … hemisphere
Left
78
The following are characteristic of…:
* Expressive language center
* Where we store all the different word representations we say
* communicates a lot w/ the primary motor area
Broca's Area
79
The … contains the primary auditory area and Wernicke's area
Temporal lobe
80
The following are characteristic of…:
* lobe responsible for auditory processing
* contains the hippocampus - a structure where memories are formed
Temporal Lobe
81
The … is a structure that is deeper in the temporal lobe and is where memories are formed. It's one of the only places where new neurons and memories can be created. It's also highly interconnected w/ your sense of smell.
Hippocampus
82
The … is where we interpret sounds in our environment, and our most easily accessed sounds would be here
Primary auditory area
83
The left hemisphere contains … which is our receptive language center where all the words you know along with phrases you know are stored
Wernicke's Area
84
Wernicke's area is in the left/right hemsiphere?
LEFT
85
The … processes sensory information (except smell) and information about where you are in space
* contains the postcentral gyrus (primary sensory area)
Parietal lobe
86
The postcentral gyrus contains the…
primary sensory area
87
The primary sensory area is organized like a…
homunculus
88
The precentral gyrus contains the…
primary motor area
89
The following are characteristic of the…:
* One on each hemisphere
* main job is to have contralateral motor control of the body
* organized as a homunculus
primary motor area
90
The … is located in the back of the brain and contains the visual processing center.
Occipital lobe
91
The occipital lobe contains the…
primary visual area
92
… refers to the peak or raised surfaces/ridges of the brain
gyrus
93
… refer to the valleys and grooves of the brain and represent a divide between lobes or hemispheres
Sulcus/fissures
94
The … runs vertically and divides the pre and post central gyri
central sulcus (fissure of Rolando)
95
The … separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
Lateral fissure (fissure of sylvius)
96
The … separates the parietal and occipital lobes
Parieto-occipital sulcus
97
The … is the area where the 3 lobes (temporal/parietal/occipital) meets. It is highly involved in the acts of reading and/or writing.
tempo-parieto-occipital junction (TPO)
98
… are responsible for cerebral connectivity
subcortical fiber tracts
99
… a type of subcortical fiber tract, contain long axons that connect cortical areas w/in the same hemisphere
Association fibers
100
… is an association fiber that directly connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas together.
* damage here is associated w/ impaired ability to repeat verbally, short term memory, and learning of new words/sounds
Acuate Faciculus
101
The following are…
* superior longitudinal fasciculus
* acuate fasciculus
Association fibers
102
What 2 structures offer protection/insulation to the brain?
1. Skull
2. Meninges
103
… is connective tissue that's part of the skeletal system which provides the greatest amount of protection to the brain
Skull
104
The … lie underneath the skull, offering 3 separate layers of tissues that help absorb small levels of shock
meninges
105
Name the 3 meninges
1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid Membrane
3. Pia mater
106
The … contains the subdural space
dura mater
107
The … is a fluid-filled layer that contains CSF, providing shock absorption
arachnoid membrane
108
The arachnoid membrane contains the … which contains many blood vessels where aneurysms are most common
subarachnoid space
109
The … is attached to the surface of the brain
Pia mater
110
The … is the system by which oxygen is transported to the brain
vascular system
111
The … are supplied by the internal carotid arteries. It moves superiorly and enters into the brain, providing blood supply to the eyes, the front areas of the brain
anterior (carotid) circulatory system
112
The … is supplied by arteries that come from the neck (vertebral arteries)
posterior circulatory system
113
The following are characteristic of the…:
* can be found in other animals
* provides redundancy to the brain
* dampens pressure waves from your blood pressure and heartbeat which helps functioning during moments of high arousal
Circle of Willis
114
The … supplies blood to the frontal and parietal lobes
Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
115
With occlusion of the left … you might suspect Broca's aphasia or a cognitive communicative disorder
ACA (anterior cerebral artery)
116
Most ischemic blood strokes occur in the…
Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)
117
The … supplies blood flow directly to the posterior areas of the frontal lobe, the temporal lobe, and other deeper brain structures w/in those lobes and even subcortically
Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)
118
With occlusion to the left …, expect any kind of aphasia
Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)
119
The … is supplied by the vertebral or basilar system and supplies the occipital lobes, midbrain, pons, medulla, and thalamus.
Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA)
120
Damage to the … can be more fatal. It doesn't necessarily result in a language disorder (aphasia)
Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA)
121
A … is loss of blood flow to an area of the brain which results in cell injury or cell death
stroke (CVA)
122
The following are risk factors for…:
* preventable w/ proper lifestyle
* hypertension - #1 risk factor
* Atherosclerosis
* Tobacco use
* Obesity
* Sedentary lifestyle
* Diabetes
* Genetics
* \>65
Strokes (CVA)
123
… refers to plaque buildup in arteries due to high cholesterol
Atherosclerosis
124
Risk factors for … include:
* Trauma
* Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib)
* Endocarditis
Embolic Blockage (type of Ischemic Stroke)
125
A … is caused by an embolus that develops somewhere else in the body that travels through the circulatory system and ends up in the brain
Embolic blockage
126
What are 3 treatments of ischemic stroke?
1. Tissue Plasminogen Activator
2. Thombectomy/Embolectomy
3. Carotid Endarterectomy
127
… is a clot bursting drug that thins the blood and that must be administered w/in 4 ½ hours of the initial onset of symptoms
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA)
128
… refers to the physical removal of the clot from the blood stream either w/ a balloon or suction
Thombectomy/Embolectomy
129
A … is performed as a preventative stroke measure. If you catch clots soon enough, you may qualify for this treatment. It's typically done in the carotid arteries w/ stenting, balloon, or suction where they clean out the arteries
Carotid Endartectomy
130
… refers to a type of mini stroke that are warning signs of a larger stroke
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
131
… occurs when a blood vessel that supplies the brain ruptures and bleeds
hemorrhagic stroke
132
… refers to a bulge or ballooning in a blood vessel where that portion of the blood vessel is more susceptible to damage
Aneurysm
133
… is a congenital condition where a group of blood vessels forms incorrectly, making it really tangled and knotted together
Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
134
The following are medical treatments for…:
* Diuretics
* Craniotomy
* Ventriculostomy
* Aneurysm clipping
* Aneurysm coiling
* AVM removal
Hemorrhagic Stroke
135
A … involves the surgical removal of a portion of the skull
craniotomy
136
A … involves the placement of an external ventricular drain
Ventriculostomy
137
Structural brain imaging can be used to diagnose…
strokes
138
… is a series of xray images taken from multiple angles from the body which utilizes computer programming to make them 3D
Computed Tomography (CT)
139
… uses a magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues and allows you to dig in and see the actual components
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
140
The following are types of…:
* Functional MRI (fMRI)
* Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
* Electroencephalography (EEG)
Functional brain imaging
141
… allows you to look at blood flow and takes a video of your brain in real time
Functional MRI (fMRI)
142
… uses a radioactive tracer that attaches to different neurotransmitters, and they watch to see what the activity is like on those neurotransmitters; used to diagnose Parkinson's Disease and cancer
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
143
… measures electrical activity in the brain and looks almost like a shower cap; used to look at those w/ seizures or epilepsy
Electroencephalography (EEG)
144
… refers to programmed cell death which occurs when blood flow is disrupted to the brain
apoptosis
145
… occurs when excess neurotransmitter is released cyclically in the cell, and as it continues to be released, it makes the cell more vulnerable to other ions (e.g., calcium) outside of it
Excitotoxicity/Cytotoxic Cascade
146
… refers to swelling w/in the brain tissue
edema
147
… refers to a loss of oxygen to the brain
hypoxia
148
… is the most common form of dementia which begins in the hippocampus
Alzheimer Disease
149
… is an umbrella term for any other kind of cortical dementia that doesn't fit w/ the Alzheimer's disease profile
Frontotemporal Dementia
150
… is an umbrella term to describe dementias that are subcortical that affect reasoning, judgment, and memory
Vascular Dementia
151
… is due to abnormal deposits of protein in the brain that lead to differences and issues in thinking, movement, behavior, and mood. It's the 2nd most common type of dementia, and it's associated w/ Parkinson's Disease
Lewy Body Dementia
152
… is a genetic disease due to the defective Huntington protein which causes deterioration in the basal ganglia and progressive movement, cognitive, and psychiatric disorders
Huntington Disease
153
… is an acquired, selective impairment of language modalities and functions resulting from a focal brain lesion in the language-dominant hemisphere that affects the person's (and family's) communicative and social functioning and quality of life.
Aphasia
154
… refers to understanding of what one hears through listening, and it's not specific to language.
Auditory comprehension
155
What are the 4 steps of the Logogen Model of Auditory Comprehension?
1. Hear word
2. auditory phonological analysis
3. phonological input lexion
4. semantic system
156
What are the 3 processing levels of the Logogen Model of Auditory Comprehension?
1. Prelexical processing
2. Lexical processing
3. Sentence-level and discourse-level
157
Regarding the … of the Logogen Model of Auditory Comprehension, the phonological makeup of a word is used to distinguish between words. When it comes to minimal pairs, those phonologically related words (e.g., bat/cat) are similar; thus, words in those “dense neighborhoods” can be harder to pull from versus those in “sparse neighborhoods” since there are only a few matches, if any.
Lexical processing
158
Disorders of … include most of the “fluent” types of aphasia - mixed transcortical, global, Wernicke's, and transcortical sensory
Auditory Comprehension
159
… refers to a disruption to understanding what one hears through listening
Disorders of Auditory Comprehension
160
Considered a prelexical and/or lexical disorder, a person w/ … is unable to understand, repeat, or write words heard
Pure word deafness
161
… refers to the act of verbally communicating beliefs, opinions, wants, and needs
verbal expression
162
The … explains the steps of word production.
Interactive activation model
163
What are the 2 steps of the Interactive Activation Model?
1. Word selection
2. Phonological encoding
