exam. 1 Flashcards
1
Q
telomeres
A
DNA at the end of chromosomes to prevent and coded DNA from being taken off
2
Q
peroxisome
A
gets rid of hydrogen peroxide and other harmful chemicals in a cell
3
Q
4 aspects of membrane permeability
A
- length of hydrocarbon tail
- cholesterol
- temperature
- saturation of hydrocarbon tail
4
Q
length of tail and permeability
A
longer tail, less permeable
5
Q
temperature and permeability
A
higher temp, more permeable
6
Q
cholesterol and permeability
A
more cholesterol, less permeable
7
Q
saturation and permeability
A
more saturation, less permeable
8
Q
helicase
A
enzyme that unzips DNA
9
Q
topoisomerase
A
relieves tension as a cell is being unwinded
10
Q
ssbps
A
protein that attach to separated strands of DNA during replication to prevent from re forming double helix (single strand binding protein)
11
Q
primase
A
synthesizes RNA primer and attaches it to the DNA strand
12
Q
DNA polymerase 111
A
synthesizes new DNA only in the 5’ to 3’ direction
13
Q
DNA polymerase 1
A
removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA
14
Q
ligase
A
binds osaki fragments after replication
15
Q
amino acid
A
building block of protein
16
Q
cell wall
A
rigid protective barrier of cellulose
PLANT CELL ONLY
shape
outside membrane
17
Q
cell membrane
A
outer protective covering of ALL cells
allow food, water, oxygen, into cell and waste out of cell
recognize signals from other cells
18
Q
lysosome
A
contain digestive enzymes that get rid of waste
19
Q
only animal cells have
A
lysosome and centrioles
20
Q
only plant cells have
A
chloroplast and vacuoles
21
Q
puradines
A
guanine and adenine
22
Q
pyrimidines
A
thymine and cytosine
23
Q
amphapathic
A
polar head, non polar tail
24
Q
hydrophilic
A
attracted to water
25
hydrophobic
afraid of water
26
aquaporins
water channel proteins
27
type 1 error
false positive, reject null hypothesis
28
type 2 error
false negative, accept null hypothesis
29
null hypothesis
prediction that there is no difference between groups or conditions, can be falsified
30
alternate hypothesis
statement that is accepted if the sample data provide sufficient evidence that the null hypothesis is false
31
4 structures of amino acids
primary structure
secondary structure
tertiary structure
quaternary structure
32
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
creates lipids or fat
33
rough endoplasmic reticulum
site of protein synthesis
34
ribosomes
make proteins
35
Golgi apparatus
modifies, sorts, and packages protein
36
difference between each amino acid
R group
37
tertiary structure
ionic bond, covalent bond, disulfide bridge and vanderwals force
38
primary structure
sequence of amino acids with peptide backbone
39
secondary structure
alpha helix or beta sheet formed by hydrogen bonding (coils or fold in polypeptide bond)
40
polypeptide bond
chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
41
peptide bond
covalent bond formed between amino acids
42
osmosis
diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane
43
phosphodiester bond
type of bond that links nucleotide in DNA or RNA. Joins the phosphate group of one nucleotide to hydroxyl group on the sugar of another nucleotide
44
dehydration reaction
chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water
45
hydrolysis reaction
chemical reaction that breaks apart larger molecule by adding molecule of water
46
hypotonic
lower concentration of solute that another solution (shrivel)
47
hypertonic
higher concentration of solute that another solution (burst)
48
isotonic
concentration of two solutions is the same
49
prokaryotes
no organelles
50
mitochondria
powerhouse
| produce ATP
51
phosphate bond
backbone of DNA
52
negative control
group with no response expected
53
positive control
treatment with known response
54
difference between DNA and RNA
DNA deoxyribose sugar, remains in nucleus
| RNA ribose sugar, nucleus and cytoplasm
55
leading strand
synthesized continuously in 5 to 3 direction, reads 3 to 5
56
lagging strand
synthesized in 5 to 3, overall direction is 3 to 5
57
ozaki fragments
fragmented DNA of lagging strand
58
significant difference
if it overlaps its not significantly different, if it doesn't overlap it is significantly different
59
standard error of the mean
standard deviation of a sampling distribution
60
cytoplasm
jellylike fluid inside cell which organelles are suspended
61
very low permeability
ions
charged polar molecules
macromolecules
62
low permeability
polar organic molecules (sugar)
63
moderate permeability
water
64
high permeability
gases, very small uncharged molecules
65
parameter
what you are measuring/ concentration (time)
66
dimension
units of what you are measuring (minutes)
67
independent variable
variable that is manipulated by the researcher
68
dependent variable
variable that is affected by the independent variable
69
active transport
movement of materials through cell membrane using energy
70
facilitated diffusion
uses transport proteins to move other ions and small molecules across plasma membrane
71
diffusion
movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration
72
difference in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
- eukaryotes have nucleus
- eukaryotes are larger
- eukaryotes have a lot of internal membrane
- eukaryotes have diverse and dynamic cytoskeleton
73
nucleus
control center of the cell that contains DNA
74
chloroplast
site of photosynthesis - plant only
75
cytoskeleton
supporting structure of cell that is made of proteins
| maintain and changes cell shape
76
nuclear envelope
double membrane that surrounds nucleus in cell
77
monomer
simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
78
polymer
large compound formed from combination of many monomers
79
conservative replication
parental molecule serves as template for synthesis fo entirely new molecule
80
semi- conservative replication
each half of original DNA molecule serves as template for new strand, two new DNA molecules each have one parent and daughter strand
81
dispersive replication
disproved model of DNA synthesis suggesting more or less random interspersion of parental and new segments in daughter DNA molecules
82
leeuwenhoek
developed simple but more powerful microscope, discovered bacteria, sperm, blood cells
83
Marcello Malpighi
microscopic inspection of frog lungs
84
binomial equation
calculate probability of event that is independent and exclusive
85
Francesco Redi
meat in 2 jars, flies - life doesn't appear spontaneously
86
Louis Pasteur
boiled media to kill microves, one open, swan neck flask - disproved spontaneous generation
87
virus
protein encapsulated DNA or RNA
88
prokaryote
organisms that have cells which don't have membrane enclosed nucleus
89
eukaryote
organisms that have extensive cell compartmentalization
90
organelles in ALL eukaryotic cells
nucleus, mitocondria, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisome, Golgi apparatus, centrosome
91
organelle only in animal cell
lysosome
92
organells only in plant cells
chloroplast, vacuoles
93
theory
broad explanation, can't be proven - extremely likely
94
QPRC
question
protocol
result
conclusion
95
probability of event that has already happened
1
96
independent event
occurrence of one event doesn't change probability of occurrence of another event
97
exclusive event
occurrence of one event makes occurrence of another event impossible
98
permutation
number of possible orders of series of events
99
Robert hooke
micrographic
100
found in all things (virus, prokaryote, eukaryote)
protein, DNA
101
organelle
membrane bound compartment within cell with own structure and function
102
DNA
genetic material
103
saturated fat
all single bond, straight, saturated with hydrogen
104
unsaturated fat
some double bonds between carbon - kinked
105
triglycerides
glycerol + 3 fatty acids
106
phospholipids
hydrophilic head + hydrophobic tail
107
steroids
lipid containing 4 interconnected rings of carbon
108
fluid mosaic model
model of plasma membrane, framework of semifluid phospholipid bilayer with mosaic of protein
109
semifluidity of plasma membrane
phospholipid rotate around axes can move laterally
110
FRAP experiment
fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
111
molecules that can freely diffuse through a membrane
small, uncharged, not polar, fat/oil/ lipid soluble
112
molecules that can't freely diffuse through a membrane
large, charged, polar, hydrophilic, fat/oil/protein insoluble
113
deductive reasoning
general to specific
114
inductive reasoning
specific to general
