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Bio 120 > exam. 1 > Flashcards

exam. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

telomeres

A

DNA at the end of chromosomes to prevent and coded DNA from being taken off

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2
Q

peroxisome

A

gets rid of hydrogen peroxide and other harmful chemicals in a cell

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3
Q

4 aspects of membrane permeability

A
  • length of hydrocarbon tail
  • cholesterol
  • temperature
  • saturation of hydrocarbon tail
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4
Q

length of tail and permeability

A

longer tail, less permeable

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5
Q

temperature and permeability

A

higher temp, more permeable

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6
Q

cholesterol and permeability

A

more cholesterol, less permeable

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7
Q

saturation and permeability

A

more saturation, less permeable

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8
Q

helicase

A

enzyme that unzips DNA

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9
Q

topoisomerase

A

relieves tension as a cell is being unwinded

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10
Q

ssbps

A

protein that attach to separated strands of DNA during replication to prevent from re forming double helix (single strand binding protein)

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11
Q

primase

A

synthesizes RNA primer and attaches it to the DNA strand

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12
Q

DNA polymerase 111

A

synthesizes new DNA only in the 5’ to 3’ direction

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13
Q

DNA polymerase 1

A

removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA

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14
Q

ligase

A

binds osaki fragments after replication

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15
Q

amino acid

A

building block of protein

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16
Q

cell wall

A

rigid protective barrier of cellulose
PLANT CELL ONLY
shape
outside membrane

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17
Q

cell membrane

A

outer protective covering of ALL cells
allow food, water, oxygen, into cell and waste out of cell
recognize signals from other cells

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18
Q

lysosome

A

contain digestive enzymes that get rid of waste

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19
Q

only animal cells have

A

lysosome and centrioles

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20
Q

only plant cells have

A

chloroplast and vacuoles

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21
Q

puradines

A

guanine and adenine

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22
Q

pyrimidines

A

thymine and cytosine

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23
Q

amphapathic

A

polar head, non polar tail

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24
Q

hydrophilic

A

attracted to water

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25
Q

hydrophobic

A

afraid of water

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26
Q

aquaporins

A

water channel proteins

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27
Q

type 1 error

A

false positive, reject null hypothesis

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28
Q

type 2 error

A

false negative, accept null hypothesis

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29
Q

null hypothesis

A

prediction that there is no difference between groups or conditions, can be falsified

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30
Q

alternate hypothesis

A

statement that is accepted if the sample data provide sufficient evidence that the null hypothesis is false

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31
Q

4 structures of amino acids

A

primary structure
secondary structure
tertiary structure
quaternary structure

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32
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

creates lipids or fat

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33
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

site of protein synthesis

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34
Q

ribosomes

A

make proteins

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35
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

modifies, sorts, and packages protein

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36
Q

difference between each amino acid

A

R group

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37
Q

tertiary structure

A

ionic bond, covalent bond, disulfide bridge and vanderwals force

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38
Q

primary structure

A

sequence of amino acids with peptide backbone

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39
Q

secondary structure

A

alpha helix or beta sheet formed by hydrogen bonding (coils or fold in polypeptide bond)

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40
Q

polypeptide bond

A

chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

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41
Q

peptide bond

A

covalent bond formed between amino acids

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42
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane

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43
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

type of bond that links nucleotide in DNA or RNA. Joins the phosphate group of one nucleotide to hydroxyl group on the sugar of another nucleotide

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44
Q

dehydration reaction

A

chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water

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45
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

chemical reaction that breaks apart larger molecule by adding molecule of water

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46
Q

hypotonic

A

lower concentration of solute that another solution (shrivel)

47
Q

hypertonic

A

higher concentration of solute that another solution (burst)

48
Q

isotonic

A

concentration of two solutions is the same

49
Q

prokaryotes

A

no organelles

50
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse

produce ATP

51
Q

phosphate bond

A

backbone of DNA

52
Q

negative control

A

group with no response expected

53
Q

positive control

A

treatment with known response

54
Q

difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA deoxyribose sugar, remains in nucleus

RNA ribose sugar, nucleus and cytoplasm

55
Q

leading strand

A

synthesized continuously in 5 to 3 direction, reads 3 to 5

56
Q

lagging strand

A

synthesized in 5 to 3, overall direction is 3 to 5

57
Q

ozaki fragments

A

fragmented DNA of lagging strand

58
Q

significant difference

A

if it overlaps its not significantly different, if it doesn’t overlap it is significantly different

59
Q

standard error of the mean

A

standard deviation of a sampling distribution

60
Q

cytoplasm

A

jellylike fluid inside cell which organelles are suspended

61
Q

very low permeability

A

ions
charged polar molecules
macromolecules

62
Q

low permeability

A

polar organic molecules (sugar)

63
Q

moderate permeability

A

water

64
Q

high permeability

A

gases, very small uncharged molecules

65
Q

parameter

A

what you are measuring/ concentration (time)

66
Q

dimension

A

units of what you are measuring (minutes)

67
Q

independent variable

A

variable that is manipulated by the researcher

68
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that is affected by the independent variable

69
Q

active transport

A

movement of materials through cell membrane using energy

70
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

uses transport proteins to move other ions and small molecules across plasma membrane

71
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration

72
Q

difference in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A
  • eukaryotes have nucleus
  • eukaryotes are larger
  • eukaryotes have a lot of internal membrane
  • eukaryotes have diverse and dynamic cytoskeleton
73
Q

nucleus

A

control center of the cell that contains DNA

74
Q

chloroplast

A

site of photosynthesis - plant only

75
Q

cytoskeleton

A

supporting structure of cell that is made of proteins

maintain and changes cell shape

76
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane that surrounds nucleus in cell

77
Q

monomer

A

simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

78
Q

polymer

A

large compound formed from combination of many monomers

79
Q

conservative replication

A

parental molecule serves as template for synthesis fo entirely new molecule

80
Q

semi- conservative replication

A

each half of original DNA molecule serves as template for new strand, two new DNA molecules each have one parent and daughter strand

81
Q

dispersive replication

A

disproved model of DNA synthesis suggesting more or less random interspersion of parental and new segments in daughter DNA molecules

82
Q

leeuwenhoek

A

developed simple but more powerful microscope, discovered bacteria, sperm, blood cells

83
Q

Marcello Malpighi

A

microscopic inspection of frog lungs

84
Q

binomial equation

A

calculate probability of event that is independent and exclusive

85
Q

Francesco Redi

A

meat in 2 jars, flies - life doesn’t appear spontaneously

86
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

boiled media to kill microves, one open, swan neck flask - disproved spontaneous generation

87
Q

virus

A

protein encapsulated DNA or RNA

88
Q

prokaryote

A

organisms that have cells which don’t have membrane enclosed nucleus

89
Q

eukaryote

A

organisms that have extensive cell compartmentalization

90
Q

organelles in ALL eukaryotic cells

A

nucleus, mitocondria, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisome, Golgi apparatus, centrosome

91
Q

organelle only in animal cell

A

lysosome

92
Q

organells only in plant cells

A

chloroplast, vacuoles

93
Q

theory

A

broad explanation, can’t be proven - extremely likely

94
Q

QPRC

A

question
protocol
result
conclusion

95
Q

probability of event that has already happened

A

1

96
Q

independent event

A

occurrence of one event doesn’t change probability of occurrence of another event

97
Q

exclusive event

A

occurrence of one event makes occurrence of another event impossible

98
Q

permutation

A

number of possible orders of series of events

99
Q

Robert hooke

A

micrographic

100
Q

found in all things (virus, prokaryote, eukaryote)

A

protein, DNA

101
Q

organelle

A

membrane bound compartment within cell with own structure and function

102
Q

DNA

A

genetic material

103
Q

saturated fat

A

all single bond, straight, saturated with hydrogen

104
Q

unsaturated fat

A

some double bonds between carbon - kinked

105
Q

triglycerides

A

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

106
Q

phospholipids

A

hydrophilic head + hydrophobic tail

107
Q

steroids

A

lipid containing 4 interconnected rings of carbon

108
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

model of plasma membrane, framework of semifluid phospholipid bilayer with mosaic of protein

109
Q

semifluidity of plasma membrane

A

phospholipid rotate around axes can move laterally

110
Q

FRAP experiment

A

fluorescence recovery after photobleaching

111
Q

molecules that can freely diffuse through a membrane

A

small, uncharged, not polar, fat/oil/ lipid soluble

112
Q

molecules that can’t freely diffuse through a membrane

A

large, charged, polar, hydrophilic, fat/oil/protein insoluble

113
Q

deductive reasoning

A

general to specific

114
Q

inductive reasoning

A

specific to general

Bio 120 (4 decks)

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