Exam 1

Question 1

obesity (definition)

Answer 1

BMI that exceeds 30 or caloric intake that exceeds expenditure

Question 2

true or false

BMI factors in muscle mass

Answer 2

false

Question 3

environmental factors that play a role in adiposity

Answer 3

globalization of processed foods
urbanization 
media/culture
health literacy / education 
fiscal policies

Question 4

numerous genes interact to facilitate overweight/obesity when the environment is permissive

Answer 4

polygenic

Question 5

hypothalamus receptors

Answer 5

Orexigenic
increase food intake
decreases metabolism

Anorexigenic
decrease food intake (satiety)
increase metabolism

Question 6

appetite is regulated by ________________

they stimulate hunger and/or fullness

Answer 6

gut peptides or peripheral mediators

Question 7

leptin

Answer 7

produced in fat cell
suppresses appetite
higher blood levels in obesity

Question 8

Ghrelin

Answer 8

produced in stomach
stimulates appetite
higher blood levels in obesity

Question 9

insulin

Answer 9

produced in pancreas
controls amount of glucose in the blood at any given moment
higher levels in obesity

Question 10

Adiponectin

Answer 10

produced in visceral fat
protective
insulin sensitizing
anti-inflammatory
reduces atherosclerosis
lower blood levels in obesity

Question 11

Peptide YY

Answer 11

produced in intestines
decreases appetite
decreases gastric motility
lower blood levels in obesity

Question 12

A1C

Answer 12

amount of hemoglobin carrying glucose

will test for diabetes. Tests last 2-3 months

Question 13

functions of adipose tissue

Answer 13

insulation 
mechanical support
heat generation
central role in glucose/lipid metabolism
contain a dense concentration of macrophages (40-50% vs 10%)

Question 14

adipose tissue produces adipokines which are directly or indirectly responsible for ….

Answer 14

vascular tone
endothelial function 
coagulation 
insulin sensitivity
leptin sensitivity

Question 15

visceral adipose tissue distribution

Answer 15

central
hypertrophy - enlarged/gorged fat cells
associated with disease
increased inflammation

Question 16

peripheral adipose tissue distribution

Answer 16

subcutaneous
hyperplasia - normal lipid storage / increased number of fat cells
protective
seen more in women (until menopause)

Question 17

true or false

obesity is a chronic state of inflammation

Answer 17

true

Question 18

what happens with enlarged adipocytes

Answer 18

increased lipolysis secreting pro-inflammatory adipokines

Question 19

adiposity is associated with many chronic conditions including _________________

Answer 19

metabolic syndrome

Question 20

Metabolic syndrom (definition)

Answer 20

a cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes

Question 21

traits that put at risk for metabolic syndrome

Answer 21

waist circumference > 40 in men and > 35 in women
blood pressure > 130/85
serum glucose > 100 mg/dl fasting
serum triglycerides > 150 mg/dl
serum high density lipoprotein < 40-50 mg/dl

Question 22

true or false

altered adipocytes produce a tumor-promoting environment that leads to tumor progression and invasiveness

Answer 22

true

Question 23

true or false

obesity is considered a positive comorbidity with the prognosis of some cancers

Answer 23

false

is is a negative comorbidity. a prognosis is worse if you are obese

Question 24

thyroid hormones bind to receptors that are then responsible for __________ & ___________

Answer 24

protein synthesis and gene transcription

Question 25

metabolic effects of thyroid hormones

Answer 25

``` increased basal metabolism increased Gluconeogenesis increased oxygen consumption increased lipolysis increased protein synthesis increased glucose absorption ```

Question 26

cardiac effects of thyroid hormones

Answer 26

``` increased Chronotropic (heart rate) increased Inotropy (cardiac contractions or stroke volume, contractility) increased cardiac output ```

Question 27

thyroid function (process)

Answer 27

hypothalamus releases thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) which stimulates thyroid gland to release T3 (triiodothyronine) & T4 (thyroxine)

Question 28

elevated blood levels of T3 and T4

Answer 28

increased cell metabolism increased body temperature negative feedback to hypothalamus & pituitary

Question 29

Graves Disease

Answer 29

HYPERthyroidism Auto-immune disease Type II anti-body mediated mechanism autoantibodies mimic TSH causing hyperplasia of thyroid gland-over produce thyroid Hormone (TH)

Question 30

hyperthyroidism symptoms

Answer 30

``` excitability, nervousness intolerance to heat diaphoresis weight loss diarrhea muscle weakness extreme fatigue insomnia hand tremors Exophthalmos ```

Question 31

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Answer 31

HYPOthyroidism autoimmune disease Type IV antibody & cell-mediated mechanisms autoantibodies & T cells destroy thyroid tissue

Question 32

hypothyroidism symptoms

Answer 32

``` fatigue mental sluggishness bradycardia weight gain constipation hair loss, coarse hair scaly skin husky voice periorbital edema Dyslipidemia/CAD depression ```

Question 33

lab values | hyperthyroidism

Answer 33

primary increased thyroxine decreased TSH secondary (not common) increased thyroxine increased TSH

Question 34

lab values | hypothyroidism

Answer 34

primary (most common) decrease thyroxine increased TSH secondary decreased thyroxine decreased TSH

Question 35

Iodine deficiency leads to ___________

Answer 35

hypothyroidism

Question 36

Goiter

Answer 36

visible enlargement of thyroid gland due to hyperplasia can compromise airway and interfere with swallowing occurs in both hyper/hypo

Question 37

Iodine deficiency clinical manifestations

Answer 37

hypothyroidism goiter pregnancy and fetal development

Question 38

iodine deficiency prevention

Answer 38

iodized salt

Question 39

iodine deficiency is

Answer 39

Most prevalent (but preventable) cause of brain damage