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Research Methods > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

p< 0.05 means what in terms of statistical significance ?

A

statistically significant if less then

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2
Q

when someone states that something is statistically significant what does that mean

A

is it related by chance or due to something else

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3
Q

hypothesis

A

a proposed explanation

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4
Q

what is a quantitative study

A

researchers move from the beginning of a study (posing a question) to the end point (obtaining an answer) in a reasonably linear sequence of steps that is broadly similar across studies.

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5
Q

what is open coding

A

generating categories

the capture of what is going on in the data such as actual words.

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6
Q

what is substantive codes

A

in which the empirical substance of the topic is conceptualized

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7
Q

what are theoretical codes

A

in which higher-order relationships are conceptualized

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8
Q

what is selective coding

A

After open coding, only data relating to a core category are coded

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9
Q

what is axial coding

A

where categories are linked with subcategories and integrated

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10
Q

what does substantive coding involve

A

open coding

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11
Q

what is credibility defined as

A

which refers to confidence in the truth value of the findings, is sometimes said to be the qualitative equivalent of internal validity.

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12
Q

what assumption does qualitative data make

A

multiple realities exist

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13
Q

what is investigator triangulation

A

Strategies for enhancing quality during the coding and analysis of qualitative data

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14
Q

what is data triangulation

A

using multiple data sources to validate conclusions

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15
Q

what is method triangulation

A

using multiple methods, such as interviews and observations, to collect data about the same phenomenon

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16
Q

what is theory triangulation

A

Strategies for enhancing quality during the coding and analysis of qualitative data → (use of competing theories or hypotheses in the analysis and interpretation of data)

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17
Q

what is meant by the term triangulation

A

is the process of using multiple referents to draw conclusions about what constitutes the truth

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18
Q

what is reflexivity

A

qualitative researchers need to devote time and energy to analyzing and documenting their presuppositions, biases, and ongoing emotions

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19
Q

In which pair of variables is there most likely to be a relationship that could be described as causal?

A

degree and physical activity and heart rate

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20
Q

how can many qualitative studies be described

A

inductive

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21
Q

timing with Data Analysis in a Qualitative research is:

A

concurrent

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22
Q

researchers with Data Analysis in a Qualitative research is:

A

one versus multiple (a team)

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23
Q

Transcription with Data Analysis in a Qualitative research is:

A

one, professional, verbatim

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24
Q

what is meant by reductionist in terms of qualitative data

A

masses of data into smaller, manageable sections

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25
Q

what is meant by constructionist in terms of qualitative data

A

segments are put together into meaningful conceptual patterns

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26
Q

what is meant by reduction first

A

coding and pattern finding

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27
Q

what is meant by data integration in terms of qualitative research

A

higher order codes, grouping codes into categories, identifying relationships

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28
Q

what is included in grounded theory approaches

A 
Constant comparative method 
Coding 
Core category
Basic social process
Theoretical coding
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29
Q

with ethnographic analysis what four types are included

A

Domain analysis = units of cultural knowledge
Taxonomic analysis = organization of domains
Componential analysis = assess for similarities
Theme analysis = discovery of cultural meaning

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30
Q

what is done in domain analysis

A

units of cultural knowledge

domains are the units of cultural knowledge are the broad categories that encompass smaller ones = looking for relational patterns

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31
Q

what is done in taxonomic analysis

A

(second level of data analysis) ethnographers decide how many domains the analysis will encompass. Will only one or two domains be analyzed in depth, or will several domains be studied less intensively?

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32
Q

what is taxonomy

A

a system of classifying and organizing terms—is developed to illustrate the internal organization of a domain and the relationship among the subcategories of the domain.

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33
Q

what is a compensational analysis

A

looking for similarities

the ethnographer analyzes data for similarities and differences among cultural terms in a domain.

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34
Q

what is a theme analysis

A

cultural themes are uncovered.

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35
Q

what is done in a phenomenology analysis

A

Essential meanings of experiences
Descriptive and interpretive
Themes = can be overarching
Formal guidelines for methodology

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36
Q

what is content analysis

A

counting words or phrases, meaning units “words, sentences, or paragraphs containing aspects related to each other through their content and context”

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37
Q

validity means and includes:

A
  • Prolonged engagement
  • Persistent observation
  • Triangulation
  • Peer debriefing
  • Member checking
  • Searching for disconfirming evidence
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38
Q

what is included to make a study trustworthy

A

credibility, dependability, confirmability, transferability, and authenticity.

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39
Q

dependability is also known as

A

reliability

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40
Q

what does dependability mean:

A

refers to the stability of data over time and conditions and is somewhat analogous to reliability in quantitative studies.

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41
Q

confirmability means

A

refers to the objectivity or neutrality of the data

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42
Q

transferability means:

A

analog of external validity, is the extent to which findings from the data can be transferred to other settings or groups.

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43
Q

authenticity means:

A

refers to the extent to which researchers fairly and faithfully show a range of different realities and convey the feeling tone of lives as they are lived.
Have you gained new knowledge and the processes
Feeling the tone = flat, liable, etc
Develop a heightened sensitivity to the issues or individuals being depicted

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44
Q

prolonged engagement means:

A

Strategies for enhancing the quality of qualitative data as they are being collected

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45
Q

what is the goal of persistent observation:

A

which is aimed at achieving adequate depth; reflexivity; comprehensive and vivid recording of information (including maintenance of an audit trail of key decisions and products); triangulation, and member checking.

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46
Q

what is member checking?

A

involve asking participants to review and react to study data and emerging themes and conceptualizations. A procedure called Synthesized Member Checking (SMC) is an effort to make member checking more systematic. Member checking is among the most controversial methods of addressing quality issues in qualitative inquiry.

47
Q

what does member checking help to accomplish

A

credibility

48
Q

what does grounded theory work to accomplish

A

trying to develop a theory

49
Q

what two things does grounded theory include

A

core variable

constant comparison

50
Q

what is a core variable

A

. One type of core variable is called a basic social process (BSP). The goal of grounded theory is to discover this main concern and the basic social process that explains how people continually resolve it.

51
Q

what is constant comparison

A

A procedure called constant comparison is used to develop and refine theoretically relevant categories.
Categories elicited from the data are constantly compared with data obtained earlier so that commonalities and variations can be determined

52
Q

ethnography looks at:

A
  • Primarily observation and interviews, plus artifacts, documents, photos
  • Cultural systems
53
Q

ethnography takes place over:

A

long periods of time

54
Q

phenomenology includes:

A

In depth interviews, sometimes diaries or other written material

55
Q

phenomenology usually has ____ amount of participants:

A

10-15

56
Q

ethnography is looking at what types of perspectives:

A

thinking insider versus outsider / observer

emic / etic

57
Q

emic means:

A

insider , emulate = speak the language of the people on the inside
is the way members of a culture envision their world—the insiders’ view. The emic is the local language, concepts, or means of expression used by members of the group under study to characterize their experiences.

58
Q

etic means:

A

outside

more removed

59
Q

biography uses what type of person during a study

A

key informant

60
Q

a key informant means:

A

usually someone in the setting, insider with an emic perspective
informants to help them understand and interpret the activities being observed.

61
Q

culture includes:

A

Cultural behavior = what members do
Cultural artifacts = what people make and use
Cultural speech = what people say

62
Q

ethnography comes from what field of study:

A

anthropology

63
Q

what is phenomenology:

A

One of the most common you see in nursing
Comes from psychology
What is the essence of this phenomenon as experienced by these people and what does it mean → looking for experience

64
Q

what is a lived experience:

A

trying to understand the perspective of someone’s experiences, choices, lifestyle and how it is influenced by their environment

65
Q

what are the two fields of study included in phenomenology :

A

descriptive and interpretative

66
Q

descriptive field of study for phenology includes:

A

descriptions of the human experience, what do we know as humans → description of the study

67
Q

interpretative field of study for phenology means:

A

understanding the human experience → interpreting what you are getting from the data

68
Q

what does barking mean and what field of study do you see it included in:

A

phenomenology

identifying any preconceived notions about the phenomenon you are studying and setting them aside

69
Q

Why do we do qualitative research in nursing:

A

More narratives
Due to a lack of literature out there
Good if you are not a part of the population and not familiar with the populations

70
Q

what is an emergent design

A

when compared to quantitative research you can adapt the study, adaptation throughout the study as it continue
Shift the participants you are looking at as the research continues on

71
Q

sampling in qualitative studies:

A

Call them participants, usually less than 50 (small group!)

Strategy: relevant to tradition, rich information, transferable, believable, ethical, feasible

72
Q

convince sampling includes:

A

Sampling in qualitative inquiry may begin with a convenience (or volunteer) sample. Snowball (chain) sampling may also be used.

Easy access to

VOLUNTEERS

73
Q

purposive sampling includes:

A

select data sources that enhance information richness. Various purposive sampling strategies have been used by qualitative researchers and can be loosely categorized as (1) sampling for representativeness or comparative value; (2) sampling special or unique cases; or (3) sampling sequentially.

Access to but also trying to find them for a certain resean

74
Q

theoretical sampling includes:

A

(selecting cases based on their contribution to important constructs)

Looking at data and information and then use the information to continue to get information or new participants

Similar to purposive sampling, but more grounded in theory

Offering interrelationships

75
Q

snowball sampling is also know as

A

chain sampling

76
Q

data saturation means:

A

sampling to the point at which no new information is obtained and redundancy is achieved. Factors affecting sample size include data quality, researcher skills and experience, and scope and sensitivity of the problem.

77
Q

two ways to collect data (qualitative)

A

interviews and observation

78
Q

interviews can be:

A

Unstructured interviews = conversational and are the mode of choice when researchers do not have a clear idea of what it is they do not know.
Semi structured interviews = researchers prepare a written topic guide, which is a list of areas or questions to be covered with each participant.

79
Q

unstructured interviews means:

A

conversational and are the mode of choice when researchers do not have a clear idea of what it is they do not know.

80
Q

structured interviews mean:

A

researchers prepare a written topic guide, which is a list of areas or questions to be covered with each participant.

81
Q

what is included in a focus group:

A

small group of individuals giving feedback on a certain topic
a group of people (usually five or more) is assembled for a discussion, although some focus group discussions are conducted online. The interviewer (or moderator) guides the discussion according to a written set of questions or topics to be covered, as in a semi structured interview.

82
Q

what are critical incidents and how are the reported

A

self reporting technique → a method of gathering in-depth information about specific incidents experienced by participants; and

83
Q

what are photo elicitations

A

involves an interview stimulated and guided by photographic images.

84
Q

what is participant observation

A

Ethnographers (and other qualitative researchers) also collect unstructured observational data, often through participant observation. Participant observers obtain information about the dynamics of social groups or cultures within members’ own frame of reference.
Roles of the observers: participant immersed in the environment

85
Q

In which pair of variables is there most likely to be a relationship that could be described as causal?

a. coping style and stress
b. health beliefs and age
c. postpartum depression and time in labor
d. degree of physical activity and heart rate

A

D

86
Q

what is is the overall plan for answering a quantitative study’s research question

A

research design

87
Q

concepts are the building blocks of _____

A

theories

88
Q

theories are _____ of some aspect of the world

A

systemic explanations

89
Q

in qualitative studies concepts are called ______

A

variables

90
Q

can a re variable take on different values?

A

yes!

91
Q

the dependent variable is also known as what?

A

outcome

the O in pico

92
Q

the independent variable is known as?

A

the presumed cause of, antecedent to, or influence on

in PICO is known as I or C

93
Q

a conceptual definition versus a operational definition:

A

a conceptual definition = describes the abstract or theoretical meaning of a concept being studied.

an operation definition = how the variable will be measured

94
Q

what is a bond between two variables?

A

a relationship

95
Q

a casual relationship is also know as:

A

cause and effect

96
Q

what is different about an associative relationship

A

functional and the variables are related but not in the same casual way

97
Q

in quantitative studies, what is an experimental design

A

researchers introduce variables or factors

98
Q

what can a non experimental design for quantitative research also be known as:

A

observational

99
Q

what are the three disciplines that qualitative research stems from:

A

grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology

100
Q

what is the definition of phenomenology

A

focuses on the lived experiences of humans and is an approach to learning what the life experiences of people are like and what they mean.

101
Q

what is ethnography looking at :

A

meaning in cultures

102
Q

does qualitative research progress in a linear fashion?

A

YES

103
Q

what are the 5 phases in a quantitative study ?

A
  1. conceptual phase
  2. planning phase
  3. empirical phase
  4. analytic phase
  5. dissemination phase
104
Q

what is an example of a construct in nursing research

A

uncertainty of illness

105
Q

what is meant by statistically significant tests?

A

are ones that have a high probability of being “real.”

106
Q

what must be included in a research question

A

a modulator variable

107
Q

what does a modulator variable do:

A

affects the strength or direction of a relationship between the independent and dependent variables

108
Q

what does a complex hypothesis do?

A

predicts the relationship between two or more independent and dependent variables

109
Q

what is a null hypothesis

A

no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.

110
Q

what is he researchers expectations or predictions about relationships among study variables

A

hypothesis

111
Q

a directional hypothesis is:

A

is a prediction made by a researcher regarding a positive or negative change, relationship, or difference between two variables of a population

112
Q

presumed cause =

A

independent variable

113
Q

nondirectional hypothesis

A

anticipated existence of relationships but not their direction

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