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Human Variation ANT 3516 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropology is the __ study of humankind

A

systematic

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2
Q

Strategies humans use to adapt to their environment (such as technologies, subsistence patterns, housing types, clothing, religion, marriage and family, values, and gender roles) is called __.

__ is transmitted across __.

A

Culture

Culture; generations

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3
Q

The study of human societies, their traditions, rituals, beliefs, and the differences between societies in these traits is called __ __.

A

Cultural Anthropology

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4
Q

__ is the study of material culture of past peoples.

A

Archaeology

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5
Q

__ is the study of language, its origins, and use.

A

Linguistics

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6
Q

Biological (Physical) Anthropology is the study of human biology and behavior in the framework of __.

Biological anthropologists study humans and our __ __ __, the primates.

A

evolution.

closest living relatives.

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7
Q

Culture is a means of __ - it shapes __ of the environment, other people, and social relations.

Our bodies are an __ of culture and biology.

Culture is part of a feedback loop that acts as a type of __ __; neither nature nor nurture, but a system of __.

For all these reasons, it is critical that biological anthropologists examine humanity from a __ perspective.

A

adaptation; perceptions

interface

selective pressure; relations

biocultural

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8
Q

Viewing other cultures from the inherently biased perspective of one’s own culture.

A

Ethnocentrism

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9
Q

__ is the view that all cultures have merits within their own historical and environmental contexts and should first be understood within those contexts.

A

Relativism;

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10
Q

A __ is a broad statement of scientific relationships or underlying principles that has been substantially __ through the testing of __.

A

theory; verified; hypotheses

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11
Q

__ is a body of knowledge gained through observation and experimentation

A

Science

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12
Q

List the 3 steps of the scientific method.

A
  1. State the problem
  2. Develop a hypothesis
  3. Test the hypothesis (data collection and analysis)
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13
Q

The __ __ is the process of explaining natural phenomena by empirical observation, hypothesizing, testing and analysis.

A

scientific method

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14
Q

A __ is a group of organisms of a species that interbreed and live in the same place at a same time.

A

population

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15
Q

__ - variability between individuals WITHIN a population.

__ - variability BETWEEN populations

A

Polymorphic

Polytypic

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16
Q

__ - measurement of the human body form

A

Anthropometry

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17
Q

__ are efforts to improve the human species by controlled __.

A

Eugenics; breeding

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18
Q

__ : each of the major [__ constructed] divisions of humankind having distinct physical characteristics.

__ : belonging to a social group that has a common national or __ tradition

__ : one’s family or ethnic __; indicates __-__ geographical origins

A

Race; socially

Ethnicity; cultural

Ancestry; descent; deep-time

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19
Q

__ __ was the eugenics asshole; misapplied Darwin’s theory of evolution to __ issues. He linked biological traits with __ abilities.

A

Francis Galton; social; mental

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20
Q

__ __ postulated human plasticity; he asserted that __ was impacted by environment; therefore, features associated with __ are not fixed or permanent. The man was ahead of his time.

A

Franz Boas; phenotype; race

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21
Q

__ __ was one of four 18th century scientists who believed there were at least __ racial classifications, but had trouble classifying Native Americans and Pacific Islanders; described four races using __ (black, white, yellow, red) and terms that are used to describe __ (European, Asiatic)

A

Carolus Linneaus; three; colors; ancestry

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22
Q

__ __ was one of four 18th century scientists who believed there were at least __ racial classifications, but had trouble classifying Native Americans and Pacific Islanders; identified some scientific “__” labels (Caucasoid, mongoloid).

A

Joann Blumenbach; three; sounding

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23
Q

__ __ was a French neurosurgeon that developed craniology techniques; translated __ dimensions into a series of mathematical indices and then deduced the __ and social attitudes of the long-dead individuals. He also included __ in his estimations.

A

Pierre Broca; skull; personality

race

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24
Q

__ __ studied cranial volume (similar to Broca) using extensive collection of Native American skulls and concluded their volume to be much __.

This was the asshole that was using __ samples.

A

Samuel Morton; smaller.

biased

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25
Q

Gene - sequence of DNA bases responsible for carrying out a __ __.

A

biological function.

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26
Q

__ is the universal code that governs the expression, inheritance, and evolution of biological traits in all forms of life.

A

DNA

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27
Q

__ are discrete structures composed of DNA and __, and they are found only in the nucleus of cells

A

Chromosomes; proteins

28
Q

This is a given form of a gene for each locus.

A

An allele

29
Q

__ is the production of identical, diploid somatic cells (e.g., skin). How many stages are there?

__ is the production of gametes via __ division (homologous pairs are separated and randomly assorted into new [monoploid] cells with 23 chromosomes. How many stages?

A

Mitosis.
1 stage.

Meiosis; reductive.
2 stages.

30
Q

__: protein synthesis that occurs in the __ using mRNA and tRNA.

__: unwinding of DNA at specific sites (genes) to use as a __ for [immature] mRNA production.

A

Translation; ribosomes

Transcription; template

31
Q

Mendel’s first law is the __ of __. It states that traits are transmitted as discrete __ that do not __ with or contaminate each other (separation and reunion of __ pairs at meiosis and fertilization, respectively).

A

Principle of Segregation.

units; blend; homologous

32
Q

__ traits are expression of an allele in homozygous or heterozygous state.
__ traits are expression of an allele in homozygous state only.

A

Dominant

Recessive

33
Q

The Principle of __ __ is Mendel’s second law. It states that two traits will sort and recombine __ of each other.

A

Independent Assortment

independently

34
Q

__: different alleles at a specific locus
__: identical alleles at a specific locus

A

Heterozygous

Homozygous

35
Q

The genetic complement of alleles present at a specific locus on two homologous chromosomes is said to be an organism’s __.

A

Geneotype

36
Q

The observable / detectable physical characteristic of an organism is its __.

A

Phenotype

37
Q

The position of homologous pairs during first division is __ __.

This contributes to __.

A

randomly aligned.

variation

38
Q

__ __ / __: exchange genetic information between homologs prior to first division.

A

Crossing over / Recombination

39
Q

A __ is a base substitution. __ must be in gametes (occurring during meiosis) and must be __-__ to be heritable.

A

Mutation

Mutations; non-lethal

40
Q

__ __: random change in allele frequency over time.

__ __: exchange of genes between two populations resulting in greater __ (and thereby prevents __).

A

Gene drift

Gene flow; homogeneity; speciation.

41
Q

__ __ postulated that population growth is infinite; resources are finite. Individuals in population vary, and variation impacts survival and, therefore, __.

A

Charles Darwin

reproduction

42
Q

Natural selection acts on what 3 things to impact evolution?

A

mutations, genetic drift, and gene flow

43
Q

Regarding natural selection, traits that enhance competitiveness also increase __ which, in turn, increases probability of __.

A

fitness; reproducing

44
Q

All genes present in a breeding population or species is said to be the population’s / species’ __ __.

A

gene pool

45
Q

The Hardy-Weinberg Principle proposes that __ frequencies will remain the same throughout any number of generations given a stable, __ breeding population that are __ from other populations.

Violations are caused by __, __ __, and __ __.

A

allele; randomly; isolated

mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow

46
Q

A __ is a group of alleles on a chromosome that are closely __ and tend to be inherited as a __.

A

haplotype; linked; unit

47
Q

__ __ is a type of genetic __ (sampling error) that has a “__” effect on allele distribution frequency on future generations.

Can result from __ of land by non-native populations, natural disasters, polygamy, or __ (the practice of marrying within a social group).

A

Founders’ Effect; drift; “bottleneck”.

colonization; endogamy

48
Q

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is genetic material that is __ in origin (can be used for __ studies).

A

maternal; genealogy

49
Q

African Eve (aka __ Eve): theory that H. sapiens emerged approx. 200 kya from Africa.

Studies using __ support this time period.

A

Mitochondrial

mtDNA

50
Q

__ is a term used to describe members of the evolutionary lineage that includes H. sapiens.

There were __ genus clusters, and all were __: pre-__; __, and early __.

A

Hominins

three; bipedal; Australophiths; Australophiths; Homo

51
Q

Three pre-__ include (STOTAR):

Sahelanthropus __ ~7-6 mya. Potentially our __ hominin ancestor (no __ elements).

Orrorin __ – 6.6-5.7 mya. Second potential __ hominin ancestor (possibly ape ancestor). May not have been an __ bipedal (__ adaptation in arms).

Ardipithecus __ – 5.8 – 4.4 mya out of E. Africa. Bipedal arboreal __: long arms and fingers, curved fingers and __ big toe (like hands) which proves they were not a __ species.

A

Australopith

tchadensis; earliest; postcranial

tungensis; earliest; obligate; arboreal

ramidus; mosaic; divergent; nomadic

52
Q

Australopithicus afarensis was __!

She existed approx. 4.2 – 1.2 mya, had long __ and curved fingers (__-like).

Her species was highly sexually __.

A

LUCY

arms; ape-like

dimorphic

53
Q

Paranthropus __ was an __ that was highly sexually __. They existed contemporaneously with H. __; therefore, it is possible one or both species is NOT __ to H. sapiens.

A

boisei; Australopith; dimorphic.

habilis; ancestral

54
Q

Homo __ lived between approx. 2.4 – 1.4 mya. They had an increased __ size, and were at least partially __.

They were believed to be the first to use __, but we now know that Australopithecines used __.

A

habilis; brain; arboreal

tools; tools

55
Q

Homo __/__ lived between 1.8 mya – 30 kya.

Their limb proportions were closer to H. __; therefore, they were __ and spread to Europe and Asia.

They __ and used advanced tools.

A

erectus/ergaster

sapiens; nomadic;

cooked

56
Q

Homo __ lived between 200 – 28 kya.

They had a larger __ than H. sapiens and had no __.

Amazingly, they were capable of __, art, cultural burial, and body adornment / jewelry.

They were genetically __ and interbred with H. sapiens.

A

neanderthalensis

brain; chin

speech;

compatible

57
Q

Homo __ is the most recent finding - discovered in 2013. Possible proof that our lineage is more __-__ than tree-like

A

naledi; bush-like

58
Q

Homo __ lived between 1 mya – 17 kya on the island of Flores. Their short stature was possibly due to __ dwarfism.

A

floresiensis

insular

59
Q

__ lived between 100 – 30 kya.

They only received __ classification due to finding just finger bones and teeth.

Their __ is present in modern-day Melanesians.

A

Denisovans

genomic

genome

60
Q

The Regional __ Model (aka __ Hypothesis) states that global evolution originated from migration of H. __.

Gene __ prevented further speciation, and genetic __ created microvariation (ancestry).

The evidence: __ found in Asia and Europe.

A

Continuity; Multiregional; erectus.

flow; drift

genetics

61
Q

The __ Model (aka Out of __ Model) states that H. sapiens evolved from H. __ in Africa ~200 kya, then left Africa and out competed __ Homo species (who were also evolved from H. __) throughout the world.

There was no __. Evidence from __, only.

A

Replacement; Africa; erectus; archaic; erectus

interbreeding; fossils

62
Q

The __ Replacement Model (aka __ Model) states that H. sapiens evolved from H. __ in Africa ~200 kya, then leaves Africa and interbreeds with __ Homo species (also evolved from H. __) throughout the world eventually genetically __ them.

Evidence: __ and __ in Asia and Europe.

A

Partial; Assimilation; erectus; archaic; erectus; swamping

fossils and genetics

63
Q

A __ is a category or group, such as phylum, order, family, genus, species.

A

Taxon

64
Q

A __ is composed of grouped species representing an adaptive __ or adaptive __ based solely on the __ of evolutionary history (not the process).

A

grade; zone; plateau; outcome

65
Q

A __ refers to the __ of evolutionary history (not the outcome).

It is basically a __ group (phylogeny – model that demonstrates all organisms and their shared evolutionary history).

A

Clade; process;

monophyletic

Human Variation ANT 3516 (1 decks)

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