Exam 1

Question 1

What is biochemistry?

Answer 1

The study of biomolecules

Question 2

What are the 4 biomolecules studied in biochemistry?

Answer 2

Carbohydrates, protein’s, lipids, and nucleic acids

Question 3

What are the 4 most important atomic elements in biochemistry?

Answer 3

H, O, C, N

Question 4

What properties of HOC and N makes them so appropriate for life?

Answer 4

Their ability to form covalent bonds by electron pair sharing

Question 5

What are the order of building blocks to make a cell (5)

Answer 5

Inorganic precursors–>Métabolites–> micromolecules and membranes–> Organelles–> cells

Question 6

The most important characteristic of living organisms is?

Answer 6

They actively engage in energy transformation

Question 7

Most common energy carrying molecules (2)

Answer 7

ATP and NADP

Question 8

How is the energy from ATP accessed?

Answer 8

By removing one or more phosphate group.

Question 9

How is the energy from NADPH accessed?

Answer 9

A proton transfer

Question 10

Chains of amino acids make what polymer.

Answer 10

Proteins

Question 11

Chains of monosaccharides make what polymer?

Answer 11

Polysaccharides

Question 12

Chains of nucleotides make what polymer?

Answer 12

Nucleic acids

Question 13

Micromolecules have a “sense”. What does this mean

Answer 13

There is a direction they link into. They have directionality

Question 14

What holds all macromolecules together

Answer 14

Weak forces.

Question 15

How do weak forces influence macromolecules?

Answer 15

Influence structure and behaviors

Question 16

What are the 4 weak forces that act on macromolecules?

Answer 16

-van der Waals force
-hydrogen bonds
-ionic interactions
-hydropgobic interactions

Question 17

Weak forces can hold molecules together but are not strong Enough to hold ___ together

Answer 17

Atoms. Covalent bonds hold atoms together

Question 18

What are Van Der Waals Forces?

Answer 18

An instantaneous asymmetry in the charge of an atom that induces complementary asymmetry in nearby electrons of atoms

Question 19

What is the vander Waals distance?

Answer 19

He minimal distance molecules can be near each other before they are repealed by their size and electronegativity

Question 20

The net effect of the vanderwaals force is great when?

Answer 20

There is a large surface area for it to act upon

Question 21

When do hydrogen bonds form?

Answer 21

When a electronegative atom pulls the electrons from the rest of the atom causing partial positive and negative charges

Question 22

What are ionic interactions?

Answer 22

The attractive forces between fully but oppositely charged structures

Question 23

3 types of ionic/ electrostatic interactions

Answer 23

-Fully but oppositely charges attract
-perminant dipoles
-induced dipoles that are cause by the environment

Question 24

“burying of non polar regions of macromolecules are caused by what weak force?

Answer 24

Hydrophobic interactions

Question 25

Hydrophobic interactions occured because?

Answer 25

Water is polar and excludes nonpolare molecules and groups

Question 26

What is the principal that guides biomolecular interactions that characterize a living state?

Answer 26

Molecular recognition through structure complementarity

Question 27

Biomolecular recognition is mediated by what?

Answer 27

Weak chemical forces

Question 28

Weak forces can be influenced by what environmental factors?

Answer 28

PH, Temp, Salinity

Question 29

PH can change the ____ of functional groups

Answer 29

Protonation states

Question 30

Why are living systems subject to a narrow range of physical conditions?

Answer 30

Weak interactions are subject to change with the physical conditions of the environment

Question 31

If the physical conditions of weak interactions change what happens?

Answer 31

Macromolecules denature and lose function

Question 32

Using enzymes prevents what?

Answer 32

Prevents massive changes in temp, ionic strength, and ph

Question 33

What is a collective set of enzymes called that break down or produce energy in steps called?

Answer 33

A metabolic pathway

Question 34

What are the 2 important things catalysts do?

Answer 34

They don't change the thermodynamic components of a reaction and they only influence the reaction rates

Question 35

What are enzymes?

Answer 35

Enzymes are engines that change one thing into another.

Question 36

What are 4 unusual properties of water?

Answer 36

High boiling point High melting point Hight heat of vaporization High surface tention

Question 37

What makes water polar?

Answer 37

It's bent structure

Question 38

Is water a H donor or an H acceptor

Answer 38

Water is both a donor and an acceptor

Question 39

How many bonds does water have the potential to make?

Answer 39

4 binds but prefers 2

Question 40

On what atoms does hydrogen bonds form?

Answer 40

Form on highly electronegative atoms with a hydrogen attached to a highly electronegative atom.

Question 41

Why is ice less dense then liquid water?

Answer 41

Water makes fewer hydrogen bonds(2) then ice does(4) resulting in more dense liquid

Question 42

What can make a hydrogen shell. What is that?

Answer 42

Where water molecules surrounded ionic atoms. (Dissolve)

Question 43

Water can dissolve what kind of bonds and molecules?

Answer 43

Ionic bonds and polar molecules

Question 44

Non polar molecules do what to water?

Answer 44

Organizes it around the non polar molecules increasing order and reducing entropy.

Question 45

What actions do non polar molecules take in water to order it?

Answer 45

They aggregate together and force water to form a clathrate cage around them.

Question 46

What is an amphophilic molecule ?

Answer 46

A molécule that has both polar and non polar regions and interacts favorable with both polar and non polar environments

Question 47

When a strong electrolyte disassociates in water what will the Ka be?

Answer 47

A large number

Question 48

Upon weak electrolyte disassociation in water the Ka will be what?

Answer 48

A small number

Question 49

What is the formula for acid disassociation constant?

Answer 49

Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA]

Question 50

At what range are buffers reliable?

Answer 50

Within one pH unit of their pKa

Question 51

What does lysozyme cleave

Answer 51

Links between carbohydrates in bacterial cell walls

Question 52

What buffer system is extracellular?

Answer 52

Bicarbonate/ carbonic acid buffer system

Question 53

What buffer systems are used intracellularly (2)

Answer 53

Phosphate buffer system Histidine buffer system

Question 54

What does the bicarbonate buffering system buffer?

Answer 54

Buffers blood pH

Question 55

The + amino group and the - carboxyl group make amino acids what ion type?

Answer 55

A zwitterion

Question 56

When a peptide bond forms between 2 amino acids, what kind of reaction occurs?

Answer 56

A dehydration rxn

Question 57

What causes the plainer configuration of a amino acid chain

Answer 57

The partial double bond character of the N-Co bond

Question 58

Short polymers of amino acids are called what?

Answer 58

Peptides

Question 59

One kind of poly peptide chain is called what?

Answer 59

Homomultimer

Question 60

2 or more kinds of poly peptide chains are called

Answer 60

Hetero multimeter

Question 61

What are the three protein classes?

Answer 61

Fibrous, globular, membrain

Question 62

What is a primary structure

Answer 62

Amino acid sequence

Question 63

What is a secondary structure

Answer 63

Local structure stable by hydrogen bonds

Question 64

What is a tertiary structure

Answer 64

Three dimensional protein shape

Question 65

What is a quaternary structure

Answer 65

Multiple protein subunits that make up a structure

Question 66

What 2 structures form within a secondary protein structure?

Answer 66

Alpha helix and beta sheets

Question 67

In what ways can proteins be purified

Answer 67

Solubility With isoelectric point Salting in and out Column chromatography

Question 68

What types of column chromatography are there?

Answer 68

Affinity columns Ion exchange Size exclusion

Question 69

What is FPLC used for?

Answer 69

Large protein purification

Question 70

What is HPLC used for?

Answer 70

Separation of small molecules (individual amino acids)

Question 71

What kind of electrophoresis is there?

Answer 71

SDS page Isoelectric focusing 2d gel

Question 72

What are the steps in Sanger sequencing?

Answer 72

1. Separation of peptide chains 2. Cleave disulfide bridges 3. N and C terminal analysis 4. Fragmentation of peptide chain 5. Reconstruction of amino acid sequence