Exam 1

Question 1

• broad labels, no order to it.

Ex: gender, race, hair color

• categorical (%)

Answer 1

nominal

Question 2

• values represent order/rank but not a significant distance between.
• # ’s are attached to the categoryex: pain scale, age category [neonates, infants, adolescents]
• categorical (%)

Answer 2

ordinal

Question 3

• actual number
  ex: temperature, age in years, speed
• continuous

Answer 3

interval/ratio

Question 4

theses three terms measure central location

Answer 4

• mean (average)
• median (50th percentile)
• mode (appears most often)

Question 5

average squared difference of each value from mean

Answer 5

variance

Question 6

square root of variance

a measure of the variability of the data values around the mean. Used to describe variability in the data.

Answer 6

standard deviation

Question 7

a measure of the precision in an estimated mean

cannot be used to describe the variability in the data

Answer 7

standard error of the mean (SEM)

Question 8

testing differences in the means/proportions

Answer 8

95% CI contains a 0

Question 9

testing differences in the means/proportions

Answer 9

95% CI contains a 0

Question 10

testing differences in the means/proportions

Answer 10

95% CI contains a 0

Question 11

testing differences in the means/proportions

Answer 11

95% CI contains a 0

Question 11

testing differences in the means/proportions

Answer 11

95% CI contains a 0

Question 12

testing differences in the means/proportions

95% CI contains a 0

Answer 12

NOT significant

Question 13

testing ratios

95% CI contains a 1

Answer 13

NOT significant

Question 14

p value < 0.05

Answer 14

SIGNIFICANT

reject null hypothesis

Question 15

1 on EBM hierarchy

Answer 15

Systemic reviews and meta analysis

Question 16

2 on EBM hierarchy

Answer 16

Experimental designs and RCT

Question 17

3 on EBM hierarchy

Answer 17

Quasi-experimental designs, pre/post-test, historic/retrospective

Question 18

4 on EBM hierarchy

Answer 18

Observational-Analytical cohort and case-controlled study

Question 19

5 on EBM hierarchy

Answer 19

Observational Descriptive designs Cross-sectional studies, case series, and case studies

Question 20

6 on EBM hierarchy

Answer 20

Background information and personal opinion

Question 21

HCTZ decreases mortality in patients with HTN

Answer 21

POEM

Question 22

Atorvastatin reduces heart attack, stroke, and mortality

Answer 22

POEM

Question 23

Alendronate decreases hip fracture and vertebral fracture

Answer 23

POEM

Question 24

HCTZ controls HTN

Answer 24

DOE

Question 25

Atorvastatin treats hypercholesterolemia

Answer 25

DOE

Question 26

Alendronate treats osteoporosis

Answer 26

DOE

Question 27

HCTZ decreases BP

Answer 27

surrogate marker

Question 28

Atorvastatin substantially reduces LDL-C

Answer 28

surrogate marker

Question 29

Alendronate improves BMD

Answer 29

surrogate marker

Question 30

Ocaliva reduces alkaline phosphate, a marker for worsening PBC

Answer 30

surrogate marker

Question 31

Balversa treats urothlial carcinoma

Answer 31

DOE

Question 32

Exondys 51 improved dystrophin production

Answer 32

surrogate marker

Question 33

increased mortality

Answer 33

POEM

Question 34

increase in non-verbal fractures

Answer 34

POEM