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Physiology 215 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Physiology

A

How body functions together

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

Stable points/levels of life

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3
Q

Core concept

A

Frame of thinking/ principles that apply to overall physiology

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4
Q

Cell to cell communication

A

How cells coordinate and relay info to each other

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5
Q

Mass balance

A

How much of a material you have in your body; input and output

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6
Q

Interdependence

A

Physiological systems’ reliance on each other

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7
Q

Set point

A

Target level of physioosical variable

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8
Q

Variable

A

Something under physiological control that can change via internal/external factors. (e.g. Body temp, blood sugar, pH)

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9
Q

Receptor

A

Measures values of variables

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10
Q

Effector

A

Responds to into from integration center

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11
Q

Integration center

A

Receives info from receptor and determines action

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12
Q

Regulated variable

A

Has sensors that keeps variable within explicit range

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13
Q

Controlled variable

A

variable that can be changed but no sensor ( e.g. HR, hormone concentration, respiration rate )

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14
Q

Equilibrium

A

Stable system; physiological variables constant

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15
Q

Steady-state

A

Specific variable is constant; might require other variables to increase or decrease

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16
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Body responds to changes in the system outside the set point in order to return to set point and homeostasis

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17
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Body responds to stimulus/signals by reinforcing them ( e.g. Blood clotting, childbirth)

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18
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Reaction in which h2o is produced while making a bond (e.g. Glycolytic bond formation)

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19
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Reaction that uses h2o to break a bond

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20
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer; amphipathic

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21
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

type of integral Proteins that cross the entire lipid bilayer; protein channels

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22
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins

A

Proteins loosely bound to membrane via integral proteins

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23
Q

Chromatin

A

Loosely coiled DNA and proteins that is contained in nucleus

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24
Q

Osmolarity

A

Solute particle concentration of a solution

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25
tonicity
Comparison of solute concentration inside and outside the cell
26
Isotonic
No net flow between cell and solution
27
Hypotonic
Net fluid movement into the cell; cell swells
28
Hypertonic
Net fluid movement out of the cell; cell shrinks
29
Endocytosis
Transport of materials into the cell; requires ATP
30
Exocytosis
Transport of materials out of the cell; does not require ATP
31
Phagocytosis
Transport of large molecules into cell; type of endocytosis; e.g. Pathogen removal
32
Pinocytosis
Transport of fluid particles into cell; type of endocytosis; "cellular drinking"
33
Simple diffusion
Ion diffuses across membrane due to concentration gradient; spontaneous
34
Facilitated diffusion
Requires gradient and protein to cross membrane; spontaneous
35
Primary active transport
Requires energy to move ions against gradient via protein
36
Secondary active transport
Pump creates gradient via energy, gradient used to pump different molecules against their gradient either into or out of cell; e.g. Symporters and antiporters
37
Nernst equation
Voltage required to oppose the force of concentration gradient on single ion
38
4 contributors to resting membrane potential
1) Na influx 2) K efflux 3) na/k pump = 3 k out and 2 Na in 4)negative proteins
39
Lysosome
Spherical organelle which contains degradative enzymes
40
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Protein production
41
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Lipid, phospholipid, steroid, and carbohydrate synthesis
42
Golgi apparatus
Processing and delivery center
43
Peroxisomes
Oxidation and FA+AA breakdown
44
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis
45
Transcription
DNA to mRNA
46
Translation
mRNA to protein
47
mRNA
Comes from nucleus with order complimentary to section of DNA
48
rRNA
Makes up ribosomes
49
tRNA
Attached to AA monomer and assist in protein synthesis with mRNA and ribosomes
50
Glycolysis
Glucose to net 2x pyruvate, 2x ATP, 2x NADH; anaerobic; 10 steps; if oxygen present produces pyrurate, if NO oxygen present produces lactate = no CAC
51
Linking step
2x pyrurate to 2x AcetylCoA, 2x carbon dioxide, 2x NADH; occurs in mito matrix
52
CAC/Krebs
2x AcetylCoA through 8 step process to ' produce 6x NADH, 2x FADH2, 4x carbon dioxide, 6x water, 2x ATP; technically anaerobic but if no oxygen then no pyruvate = no AcetylCoA; occurs in mitochondrial matrix
53
Electron Transport Chain
Aerobic process which utilizes established proton gradient along inner membrane space of mitochondria and electrons to produce ATP and water via oxidative phosphorylation
54
Interphase
Majority of cell cycle; preparation and growth; G1, S, G2
55
G1
part of interphase in which cell grows and functions, duplicates organelles
56
S
part of interphase in which DNA replicates, chromosome pairs join at centromere, centrosome duplicates
57
G2
part of interphase in which cell increases in size, more protein and organelles, preparation for mitosis
58
Mitosis
Cell duplication; prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase,cytokinesis
59
Prophase
Nucleus dissipates, chromosomes condense, spindle forms
60
Prometaphase
Spindle begins to attach and move chromosomes; nuclear envelope breaks; chromosomes condensed fully
61
Metaphase
Daughter chromosomes line up at metaphase plate; enzyme breaks down chromatids
62
Anaphase
Daughter chromosomes polled to opposite poles of cell
63
Telophase
Chromosomes uncoil; spindle breaks down; nuclear envelopes form
64
Cytokinesis
Cell division; 2 daughter cells; begins during anaphase or telophase; finishes after telophase; contractile ring pinches together
65
Primary functions of nervous system
Receive info about environment; process info; respond to info
66
Efferent
Exit brain
67
afferent
At brain (towards)
68
Autonomic nervous system
Part of CNS that is involuntary
69
Somatic nervous system
Part of CNS that is voluntary
70
Sympathetic nervous system
Part of autonomic of CNS that is fight or flight; norepinephrine
71
Parasympathetic nervous system
Part of autonomic of CNS that is rest and digest; acetylcholine
72
Visceral sensory
Input from organs
73
Somatic sensory
Temperature, pain, movement, body position, touch
74
Temporal summation
Single neuron sends the same signal repeatedly over time
75
Spatial summation
Multiple neurons send a signal at the same time within proximity

Physiology 215 (1 decks)

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