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Cell Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what 3 amino acids can be phosphorylated?

A

serine, threonine, and tyrosine

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2
Q

what is an allosteric interaction?

A

when molecules bind at alternative sites rather than the active sites, still allows them to control the protein and influence it

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3
Q

what happens if you change the pH of a cell?

A

it drastically changes the molecular shape & alters the chemistry of the entire region (area) of the cell

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4
Q

What are the different types of cells?

A

(unicellular) bacteria & yeast
(multicellular) animal & plant
gametes (sex cells)

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5
Q

Are viruses considered to be a living cell? why or why not?

A

no, they’re not considered to be a living cell. this is because viruses have to have a host in order to live and reproduce, whereas animal or plant cells are self replicating and don’t need the DNA of a host to multiply.

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6
Q

What instructions do genes provide?

A

form, function, and behavior of cells and organisms

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7
Q

describe a catalyst.

A

a molecule that can facilitate a chemical reaction without being consumed or changed

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8
Q

what is the reason for cells varying forms and functions?

A

all cells have different jobs within the body, and those different jobs (functions) require a variety of forms. for example, a neuron is used to send out electrical signals to the body and it has a cell body with dendrites protruding from the sides, whereas a skin cell is used as a layer of protection and balance for your body and is a pretty uniform “square” shape

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9
Q

explain central dogma.

A

theory that states that genetic information can only flow one way, and that way is DNA, RNA, and then proteins, or just directly from RNA to proteins

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10
Q

what are the 4 amino acids?

A

adenosine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

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11
Q

what induces the internalization of the COVID-19 virus?

A

the spike proteins binding with ACE2 receptors

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12
Q

animal and plant DNA is located within the nucleus, where is the DNA material in bacteria cells located?

A

it is incorporated within the cytoplasm of the cell

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13
Q

what advancements did the light microscope help to make happen?

A

the discovery of cells and the idea that cell come from other preexisting cells

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14
Q

what cell components did the light microscope reveal?

A

nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles, sub cellular structures, cell ultrastructure, specific molecular locations

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15
Q

chromatic dyes

A

presence of nuclei

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16
Q

interference contrast

A

nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles, sub cellular structures

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17
Q

electron microscope

A

cell ultrastructure

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18
Q

fluorescence microscopy

A

specific molecular locations, subunits composed of fiber, molecules as components of vesicles

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19
Q

why do you have to “embalm”, or remove the water, from cells in electron microscopy and interference contrast?

A

if there is water in the cell the light will refract off of it and wouldn’t allow us to see into the cell

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20
Q

what is resolution?

A

the ability to distinguish between two points

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21
Q

conventional light microscopy

A

allows us to magnify cells up to 1000x and resolve details as small as 200 nm

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22
Q

fluorescence microscopy

A

cells are stained with fluorescent dyes, similar to light microscope except light is passing through two filters (yellow). first filter filters the light, second filter blocks out the light and only allows wavelengths that excite the particular fluorescent dye to reach the specimen, uses “reflective” light and mirror to control wavelength

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23
Q

transmitted light microscopy

A

uses laser light that is transmitted THROUGH the specimen

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24
Q

what kind of cell has a singular circular chromosome?

A

prokaryotic cells

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25
prokaryotic cell features
no nuclei very few compartments most diverse & numerous cells on Earth divided into 2 domains: bacteria & archaea
26
eukaryotic cell components
nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, internal membrane, cytosol, cytoskeleton
27
nucleus
stores information
28
mitochondria
generates useable energy from food molecules
29
chloroplast
capture energy from sunlight
30
internal membrane
creates intracellular compartments all with different functions
31
cytosol
concentrated aqueous gel that contains large and small molecules, highly dynamic (not static)
32
cytoskeleton
responsible for directed cell movement
33
what is chromatin and where is it located within the cell?
DNA & associated structural proteins, it is located in the nucleus
34
what are the two types of chromatin and what are their characteristics?
heterochromatin: condensed, packed, genes less available for expression euchromatin: dispersed, open form, open for gene expression
35
what are the prokaryotic qualities of the mitochondria?
has independent genetic system contains circular DNA contains ribosomes that are more similar to prokaryotic ribosomes than eukaryotic
36
why does the mitochondria have a convoluted inner membrane?
it contains proteins for energy production, the convoluted inner membrane gives the cell more surface area for energy production
37
smooth endoplasmic reticulum function
stores lipids and proteins, not decorated with ribosomes
38
rough endoplasmic reticulum function
site of protein synthesis for proteins destined for secretion or membrane proteins, studded with ribosomes
39
symbiosis theory: the origin of the mitochondria
suggests that mitochondria are descended from specialized bacteria that somehow survived endocytosis by another species of prokaryote or some other cell type and became incorporated into the cytoplasm
40
Golgi apparatus functions
site of molecular sorting packaging and modifying proteins & lipids destined for specialized regions of the cell site of glycosylation
41
what is glycosylation?
carbohydrate modification of of proteins and lipids
42
cytoskeleton function and structure
composed of three major filament systems required for structural maintenance of compartments: ER, Golgi, etc responsible for directed movements, cell shape, and cell motility
43
what are the 3 different types of cytoskeleton filaments?
actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
44
microtubule function
reorganized to form mitotic spindles to segregate chromosomes in a dividing animal cell
45
what particle tells us atomic number?
protons
46
what part of a fatty acid chain carries the charge?
the carboxylic head carries the charge
47
why are all amino acids different
they all have different R groups
48
what are nucleotides made up of?
5 carbon sugar, base, and ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
49
what kind of impact do bonds have one molecules?
they impact how they bond with water and the shape of the molecule
50
can regional affects happen without any significant changes?
yes
51
how are macromolecules formed?
polymer formed from small molecules, like monomers, that are linked together by covalent bonds
52
what gives you the primary structure of macromolecules?
polymerization of the molecular subunits
53
will upping the charge in a cell disassemble a hydrophobic tail?
no, because hydrophobic regions run from charge in a cell
54
what kind of interaction can mediate between a macromolecule and a small molecule?
non covalent bonds
55
what does a longer half life mean for non covalent reactions?
it means they will take longer to dissociate
56
what competes water off of proteins and why?
things like glycerol will compete water off of proteins, this will allow the protein to have a higher chance of polymerization
57
can molecules with a lot of charge groups & polarity interact with water without their cells polymerizing?
yes
58
What do hydrocarbons associate with?
they don't interact with water, they associate with other like non polar, hydrophobic molecules and will ultimately be displaced (oil slick on top of water)
59
what drives hydrophobic reactions within cells?
the collision energy of water
60
what kind of interactions give you a bilayer membrane?
tail to tail interactions
61
what do polysaccharides do for a cell?
there are a place of major storage and a structural entity used by all cells
62
what is glycogen?
storage form of energy in the liver of animals, is a long chain of sugars regulated by insulin
63
why are polysaccharides important for cells?
cell cell recognition, communication, and how cells interact with the outside environment, blood groups, etc.
64
What makes different isomers?
the distribution of hydroxyl and charge groups
65
What are oligosaccharides important for?
structure, energy storage, and molecule signaling// defines blood type
66
How is mobility limited in a polysaccharide?
tail to tail interactions limit mobility, and allow mobility
67
What is a macromolecule?
polymer formed from monomers or subunits that are linked together through covalent bonding
68
What does a double bond in the tail of a triglyceride mean?
that it's unsaturated
69
How are bilayer membranes possible?
When there is a bubble of hydrophobic tails
70
Isoprenes form what basic subunit that forms the backbone of cholesterol?
isoprenoids
71
Why don't cholesterol molecules spin?
they're shape is extremely planar
72
Are glycolipids phospholipids? Why or why not?
They are not because they don't have phosphate groups
73
What is the formula for amino acids?
Carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, r side group chain
74
What kind of isomers are proteins formed through?
L isomers
75
Does electron density restrict rotation?
Yes
76
What are the pyrimidines?
uracil (only found in RNA), cytosine, and thymine
77
What are the purines?
adenine and guanine
78
What part of the base-sugar linkage distinguishes DNA from RNA?
the 2' carbon
79
What kind of proteins control where and when certain proteins are expressed?
receptor proteins
80
What will depolymerize a microtubule?
extreme cold
81
What are the two most common properties of protein folding?
alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
82
Is a proteins function disrupted if it's not folded correctly?
Yes
83
What can abnormal folding lead to?
extreme conditions and disease states
84
What does every protein have?
amino terminal and carboxy terminal
85
Can you denature and renature (unfold and refold) in certain environments?
yes
86
Primary structure
amino acid sequence
87
Secondary structure
charge charge interaction, R group interactions
88
tertiary structure
water contributes to this structure
89
What gives a protein its shape?
R group interactions
90
Low energy equals...
less flexibility
91
Does the R group side chain also determine properties of the proteins along with shape?
yes
92
what kinds of disorders have been linked to the misfolding of proteins?
neurodegenerative disorders/ alzheimers, dementia, etc
93
A cell experiences more dysfunction when...
the aggregates get bigger
94
What do lysozymes do?
breakdown carbohydrates
95
What are 80% of medications?
natural products such as plants, microbes, etc
96
can you have multiple domains within the same protein? if yes can they perform different things?
yes, they can perform different things
97
hemoglobin has 4 subunits to the molecule, what are they?
2 alpha helixes and 2 beta pleated sheets
98
what is a homodimer?
2 proteins interacting with a single identical binding site
99
what is a homotetramer?
4 different subunits acting at different sights
100
is every subunit composed of the same number of amino acid sequences?
yes
101
explain the structural reasons for sickle cell anemia.
a single amino acid difference alters the structure to where it is still functional, however leads to a shape change of the red blood cell
102
is tubulin a heterodimer or a homodimer?
heterodimer
103
since elastin isn't very rigid and can react, what does it allow?
it allows the tissue to stretch
104
After elastin stretches it...
goes back to same structure just with different folding patterns
105
are all r groups charged at active sites?
yes, allows them to have interactive capabilities
106
What happens when an antigen binding site is hit?
it starts making as many antibodies as they can as quick as they can
107
What happens when a substrate gets into enzyme state?
lowers the activation energy
108
What do hydrolysis reactions do?
break down molecules
109
Why do we prefer to use organic and natural things for modern medicine?
It is easier for us to deduce and synthesize ourselves
110
How do cells obtain energy through respiration?
they obtain energy by the oxidation of organic molecules
111
What do photosynthetic organisms use to synthesize organic molecules?
sunlight
112
What subunits do cells obtain most of their energy from?
mitochondria and chloroplast inner membranes
113
water is the original electron donor in...
photosynthesis
114
oxygen is the final electron acceptor in...
respiration
115
What generates ATP from ADP & phosphate?
the flow of hydrogen and protons through an ATP-synthase enzyme
116
What features do mitochondria and chloroplasts share?
contain own DNA & ribosomes, translate some of their own proteins, inner membranes contain protein complexes for ATP synthesis
117
In what way do chemical reactions proceed?
in the direction that causes a loss of free energy
118
Do all reactions, cellular or not, require activation energy to get them started?
yes
119
What do enzymes do?
convert substrates into products while remaining unchanged themselves
120
Are enzymes consumed during reactions?
no
121
Enzyme catalyzed reactions depend on...
rapid molecular collisions
122
What kind of interactions allow enzymes to bind specific molecules at the enzyme active site?
non covalent interactions
123
What is the most used activated carrier?
ATP
124
what is the only way to get rid of a covalent linkage?
breaking those covalent bonds
125
tyrosine phosphorylation is very closely related to...
cell growth, cell multiplication, cancer, etc
126
name the enzyme that can take away phosphate groups.
phosphatase
127
what are the 2 groups of protein kinases?
tyrosine & serine/threonine
128
what do G proteins do?
they regulate and signal the cells
129
what subunit allows GDP to bind to it?
the alpha subunit
130
describe scaffolds
structures that can serve as binding sites to recruit some interacting proteins depending on their functions
131
Are scaffold proteins membrane bound?
no, they are transient proteins
132
Are scaffold proteins membrane bound?
no, they are transient proteins
133
when does phase transition occur?
from protein protein interactions

Cell Biology (4 decks)

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