Exam 1

Question 1

too small to be seen by naked eye

Answer 1

microorganism

Question 2

5 microorganisms

Answer 2

virus
bacteria
protozoa
fungi
helminths

Question 3

with nucleus

Answer 3

eukaryote

Question 4

without nucleus

Answer 4

prokaryote

Question 5

disease causing microbes

Answer 5

pathogens

Question 6

microbes that harm host

Answer 6

parasites

Question 7

microbes that breakdown and recycle nutrients to environment

Answer 7

decomposers

Question 8

change over time

common ancestor

Answer 8

theory of evolution

Question 9

manipulation of organisms to make products

industrial setting

Answer 9

biotechnology

Question 10

genetically manipulated

creates new products

Answer 10

genetic engineering

Question 11

decomposition of harmful chemicals by microbes
intentionally introduced
DETOXIFY, CLEAN UP, RE-INHABIT

Answer 11

bioremediation

Question 12

crude microscope
animalcules
linen merchant

Answer 12

Leeuwenhoek

Question 13

pasteurization
human diseases from infection
invented 1st vaccine

Answer 13

Pasteur

Question 14

utilize hand washing

antiseptic chemicals

Answer 14

Lister

Question 15

specific microorganism to specific disease
verified the germ theory of disease
anthrax caused by specific
Bacillus anthracis

Answer 15

Koch

Question 16

look at evolutionary relatedness

ribosomes haven’t changed much

Answer 16

study of rRNA

Question 17

Science of identifying and classifying biological species

Answer 17

taxonomy

Question 18

Worms (microbes)

Answer 18

helminths

Question 19

free of lifeforms or viruses

Answer 19

sterile

Question 20

sequence of taxonomic hierarchy

Answer 20

Domain – Most inclusive (unless kingdom Monera)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus 
Species – Smallest and most significant/exclusive

Question 21

Not living
Non-cellular
Cannot reproduce – use host machinery
Genetic material surrounded by protein

Answer 21

virus

Question 22

scientific method order

obese hippos elect dumb representative/senators

Answer 22

observe
hypothesis
experiment
data
support/reject hypothesis

Question 23

oxidation vs reduction

Answer 23

oxi - gain of O2

red - loss of O2

Question 24

chemical substance resulting from combination of two or more atoms

Answer 24

molecule

Question 25

atoms share electrons, polar or nonpolar (strongest)

Answer 25

covalent

Question 26

electrons are transferred to another atom, not shared

Answer 26

ionic

Question 27

weakest bond, hydrogen covalently bonded to one molecule and O or N

Answer 27

hydrogen

Question 28

ion vs isotope

Answer 28

Ions – same element with differing number of electrons | Isotopes – same element with differing number of neutrons

Question 29

polar vs nonpolar

Answer 29

Polar – unequal sharing | Nonpolar – equal sharing

Question 30

difference between pH 3 & 5

Answer 30

100x

Question 31

4 macromolecules

Answer 31

Carbohydrate Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Question 32

monomers for each macromolecule

Answer 32

Carbohydrate – monosaccharides Lipids – fatty acids & glycerol Proteins – amino acids *enzymes* Nucleic Acids – nucleotides

Question 33

levels of protein structure

Answer 33

primary – type, number, & order of amino acids secondary – functional groups interact tertiary – covalent disulfide bonds quaternary – multiunit, more than one poly protein

Question 34

monomer units joined/linked together by...

Answer 34

covalent bonds

Question 35

Energy currency of the cell

Answer 35

ATP

Question 36

difference between a purine and pyrimidine

Answer 36

Purine – nitrogen bases composed of two rings | Pyrimidine – nitrogen bases composed of one ring

Question 37

characteristics of enzymes

Answer 37

Catalysts for chemical reactions in cells | Specificity comes from the unique patterns in enzyme binding sites

Question 38

bonds | formed between amino acids during protein synthesis

Answer 38

Peptide bonds

Question 39

5 I’s of studying microorganisms

Answer 39

Inoculation – producing a culture by microbe introduction to media Incubation – between 20-45°C, For microbial growth Isolation Inspection Identification

Question 40

difference between the selective and differential media

Answer 40

Selective – selects for one thing and inhibits for others | Differential – can see difference from one kind of bacteria to another

Question 41

between synthetic and complex media

Answer 41

Synthetic – exact compositions are known | Complex – at least on component that is not chemically definable

Question 42

stays solid and bacteria cannot break it down | Isolate colonies of bacteria and fungi

Answer 42

agar & why beneficial

Question 43

medium | for discrete, isolated colonies

Answer 43

Solid medium (with agar)

Question 44

Container of medium the contains only a single known species or type of organism

Answer 44

pure culture

Question 45

Require special growth mediums | Slow to grow

Answer 45

fastidious bacteria

Question 46

ocular vs objective

Answer 46

ocular lens – forms virtual image | objective lens – forms real image

Question 47

specimen preparation | best for viewing cell motility

Answer 47

wet mount

Question 48

purpose of simple staining

Answer 48

Require single dye, easy process | Increase contrast

Question 49

positive: stain purple (thicker wall) negative: stain red/pink

Answer 49

gram stain

Question 50

staining for TB and leprosy

Answer 50

Acid fast

Question 51

staining for vegetative vs endospore/nonvegetative cells

Answer 51

Endospore

Question 52

staining for unstructured protective layer around cells

Answer 52

Capsule