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Neuropsychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Behavioral Science

A

-studies the relationship between behavior and the body/brain

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2
Q

Behavior

A

-overt acts and internal events (learning, thinking, emotions)

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3
Q

Mind-Brain Problem

A

-deals with what the mind is and its relationship to the brain

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4
Q

Monism

A

-idea that the mind and body consist of the same substance

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5
Q

Materialistic Monism

A

-view that body and mind and everything else are physical

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6
Q

Dualism

A

-idea that the mind and brain are separate

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7
Q

Model

A

-a proposed mechanism for how something works
(theory, simpler, organism, simulation or system studied)

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8
Q

Empiricism

A

-gathering information through observation

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9
Q

Heimholtz and the Electric Brain

A

-Hermann von Heimholte demonstrated nerves do not behave like conducting wires

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10
Q

Luigi Galvani

A

-used electricity to stimulate nerves in the late 1700s

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11
Q

Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig

A

-dog brain stimulation

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12
Q

The Localization Issue

A

-localization: idea that specific areas of the brain carry out specific functions

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13
Q

Phrenology

A

-each of 35 different “factuality’s” of emotion and intellect located in precise areas of the brain

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14
Q

Equipotentiality

A

-the idea that the brain can function as an undifferentiated whole
-opposite of localization

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15
Q

Gene

A

-biological unit that directs cellular processes and transits inherited characteristics
-Zygote - Embryo - Fetus

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16
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

-double standard double helix chain of chemical molecules

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17
Q

Zygote

A

-fertilized egg which undergoes rapid cell division and development
-each parent gives 23 chromosomes 46 total

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18
Q

Embryo

A

-new organism as it develops over first 8 weeks

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19
Q

Fetus

A

-organism at developmental stage between 9 weeks and birth

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20
Q

Alleles

A

-different versions of a gene

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21
Q

Dominant Allele

A

-prodices effect regardless of which allele it is paired with

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22
Q

Recessive Allele

A

-has influenced only when paired with the same allele

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23
Q

Heterozygous

A

-two alleles are different

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24
Q

Homosygous

A

-two alleles are identical

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25
Phenotype
-an observable characteristic
26
Genotype
-combonation of alleles
27
X-linked
-a characteristic produced by an unpaired gene on the x-chromosomes
28
Polygenic
-characteristics determined by several genes
29
Genome
-all the genes in our chromosomes
30
Human Genome Project
-project with the goal to map the location of all the genes on the human chromosomes
31
Gene Expression
-translation of encoded information into production of proteins
32
Heredity
-destiny or predisposition
33
Natural Selection
-those whose genes have more adaptive traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
34
Hertability
-percentage of the variation in a characteristic atributed to genetic factors
35
Vulnerability
-genes contribute to predisposition for a disorder
36
Neurons
-cells that convey sensory information to the brain, carry out operations and transmit commands to the body -half of brain cells
37
Neurons are responsible for:
-movement -thought -memory -emotion
38
Cell Body
-most prominent part of the neuron, aka soma, contains chromosomes
39
Motor Neuron
-carries commands to the muscles/organs
40
Dendrites
-extensions that branch out from the cell body to receive information from neurons
41
Axon
-extends like a trail from cell body and carries information to other locations and wrapped in myelin
42
Axon Terminals
-swellings at tips of each branch at end of axon, containing neurotransmitters
43
Neurotransmitters (NTs)
-chemicals the neuron releases to communicate with a muscle, organ, or next neuron
44
Sensory Neurons
-carry information from the body and outside world into the brain and spinal cord (unipolar and bipolar)
45
Interneurons
-neurons which connect one neuron to another in the same part of the brain or spinal cord
46
Polarization
-a state of difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of the neuron
47
Voltage
-difference in electrical charge between two parts
48
Resting Potential
-difference in charge between inside and outside of membrane of a neuron at rest -70mV
49
Ions
-atoms that have lost or gained electrons
50
Force of Diffusion
-tendency of ions to move through membrane to less concentrated side
51
Electrostatic Pressure
-force in which ions are repelled from side similarly charged and attracted to oppositely charged side
52
Sodium Potassium Pump
-large protein molecules that have 3 sodium ions through cell membrane outside and two potassium ions back inside
53
Action Potentials
-abrupt depolarization of membrane that allows neuron to communicate
54
Graded Potential
-local potential which varies in magnitude with the strength of the stimulus that produced it
55
All-or-none law
-ungraded action potential follows this principle, mean that it occurs at full strength or it does not occur at all
56
Nondecremental
-quality of action potentials in which they travel down the axon without any decrease in size propagated anew and at full strength
57
Refactory Period
-absolute refectory period -relative refactory period
58
Rate Law
-axon encodes stimulus intensity not in the size of its action
59
Glial Cells
-non-neural cells that provide a number of supporting functions to neurons
60
Myelin
-fatty tissue that wraps around axon to insulate it
61
Types of Glial Cells
-oligodendrocytes and schwann cells
62
Nodes of Ranvier
-gaps in the myelin sheath
63
Saltatory Conduction
-a form of transmission in which action potentials appear to jump from node to node radial glia, microglia, astrocytes
64
Synapse
-small gap which seperates neurons so they are not in direct physical contact
65
Synaptic Cleft
-the gap
66
Presynaptic
-sends signals
67
Postsynaptic
-receives signals
68
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Neuropsychology (1 decks)

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