Exam 1 Flashcards
Cause and Effect
Experimental Design is the only way we can prove variables effect each other
What is correlation?
If two variables are opposites of one another
What are the elements of correlational design?
There is no manipulating of variables
Measuring 2 or more variables
Many factors outside the experiment can influence the results
Just because there is a relationship doesn’t mean there will be cause and effect
What does no correlation mean?
The variables are not related and a change in one variable does not mean a change in another
What does Positive Correlation mean?
The variables are related and there is a change in the same direction
What does negative correlation mean?
The variables are related and as one changes the other goes in the opposite direction
What is the difference between correlation and causation?
The difference is the things you can and can’t say
What should a hypothesis be?
should be testable, can it be tested without violating ethical standards, does it reveal cause and effect?, is it specific
What are the steps in the scientific method?
1.) make observation
2.) ask question
3) Form hypothesis
4) design experiment
5-) gather data
6.) analyze data
7) conclusion
8) analyze results
What is a scientific theory?
testing many hypothesis on a single topic
- Don’t overstate data
What is falsifiability?
eliminating other explanations, or getting rid of false hypothesis, will be left with correct explanation, not all can be proven false
What is fruitfulness?
Good scientific theory will make specific testable predictions
What is scope?
extent to which theory extends beyond current available data, explaining wide range of things, mental short cuts
What is simplicity?
when multiple explanations are equally good at explaining data, simplest should be deleted, law of personam
What is consistency?
few exceptions shows agree with other theories, within itself, consistent
What is accurateness?
match real -world observations, not just in a lab
Hypothesis steps
predictions on how world works, break into samples -subset of pop., inductive reasoning I dry conclusions from set of specific observations
What is a null hypothesis?
- 2 hypothesis 1 supports your wrong (null), one is supporting you
- Null goes against you every time
- assumption is no relationship between your variables
What is case study?
used to study ONE individual - but that info might not apply to others, gather narrative not numerical data
What is experimental research?
used to determine cause/ effect relationship between two variables
- involves deliberately manipulating one factor, called the independent variable
- measures change, of any, that are produced in a second factor, called dependent variable also called outcome variable -manipulating one variable, measuring the other
What is a confounding variable?
Influences both the independent and dependent variable
What is the independent variable?
purposely manipulated factor thought to produce change in experiment
What is the dependent variable?
Factor is observed and measured for change in experiment, changes according to independent variable
What is the outcome variable?
usually the dependent variables which are observed and measured by changing independent variables
