Exam 1 Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
-al
A
pertaining to
2
Q
a-
A
without
3
Q
ab-
A
away from
4
Q
ad-
A
to, toward
5
Q
ante-
A
before
6
Q
anti-
A
against
7
Q
auto
A
self
8
Q
bene-
A
good
9
Q
bi-
A
twice, 2
10
Q
-blast
A
precursor, germ cell
11
Q
brachi
A
arm
12
Q
cephal
A
head
13
Q
cereb
A
brain
14
Q
chondr
A
cartilage
15
Q
-clast
A
break
16
Q
com-
A
with, together
17
Q
corpus
A
body or mass
18
Q
dura-
A
hard
19
Q
ecto-
A
outside, outer
20
Q
endo-
A
within, inner
21
Q
epi-
A
upon, following
22
Q
erthryo-
A
red
23
Q
fibr-
A
fibrous
24
Q
hema-
A
blood
25
hyper-
above, excessive
26
hypo-
below, deficient
27
infra-
under, below
28
inter
between
29
intra-
within
30
iso-
equal, like
31
-itis
inflammation
32
juxta-
near, adjacent
33
leuko-
white
34
macro-
large
35
medi-
middle
36
meso-
in the middle
37
micro-
small
38
myo-
muscle
39
neuro-
nerve
40
osse-
bone
41
osteo-
bone
42
para-
near, beside
43
-pathy
disease
44
peri-
surrounding, around
45
physio-
nature
46
=physis
growth
47
poly-
many, much
48
pseudo-
false
49
quad-
fourfold, 4
50
rami-
branch
51
semi-
half
52
serrat-
saw edged, toothed
53
stria-
stripe, band
54
sub-
under, below
55
supra-
over, above
56
trans-
across
57
tri
threefold, 3
58
anatomic position
- upright stance
- feet parallel and flat on floor
- upper limbs at sides of body
- palm face anteriorly (towards front)
- head is level
- eyes look forward
59
anterior
front
60
posterior
rear
61
superior
towards the top of the head
62
inferior
towards the plantar region of the feet
63
medial
towards midline
64
lateral
away from midline
65
proximal
closer to attachment of trunk
66
distal
farther from attachment of trunk
67
ventral
belly side
68
dorsal
back side
69
superficial
outside closer to surface
70
deep
inside farther from surface
71
rostral
towards nose or mouth
72
caudal
towards tail
73
cranial/cephalic
towards head
74
coronal
vertical plane divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
75
transverse
horizontal plane divides body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom)
76
sagittal
divides body into left and right; into unequal portions
77
midsagittal
special type of sagittal plane that divides body equally into left and right halves
78
axial region
head, neck, and truck, forms main vertical axis of body
79
appendicular region
upper and lower limbs
80
cells
basic unit of structure and function in living things
81
tissues
groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function
82
organs
composed of two or more tissue types and perform specific function for body
83
ocular lens
contains lens for viewing, also increases magnification 10x
84
microscope head
structural part that supports the ocular
85
microscope arm
provides support for body tube and adjustment knob, connects head w base and stage
86
nosepiece
Holds objective lenses and rotates to allow viewing under different levels of magnification
87
objective lenses
Contains lenses of different magnifications
88
lamp (substage) light
Provides light source which is projected up through the tissue to allow for viewing
89
Coarse adjustment knob
Moves the mechanical stage up and down to aid in focusing
90
Microscope base
Provides structural support for the microscope, houses the light source
91
Fine adjustment knob
Allows very precise focusing by moving stage in small increments
92
mechanical stage
Supports microscope slide which can be adjusted to allow viewing of different sections of a slide
93
mechanical stage controls
Allow movement of mechanical stage to change position of slide in field of view
94
power switch
turns on lamp
95
light control knob
Allows for adjustment of light being transmitted through tissue
96
stage clips
keeps slide firmly in place
97
condenser
focuses incoming light onto slide
98
Condenser knob/iris diaphragm adjustment
Regulates amount of light being passed through the tissue
99
Tissues
- Groups of similar cells and extracellular material
- Common function
E.g., providing protection
- Study of tissues, histology
100
Four types of tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
101
Epithelium
-Composed of one or more layers of closely packed cells
-Contains little to no extracellular matrix
-Covers body surfaces, Lines body cavities, Forms majority of glands
102
Epithelial Tissue Cellularity
Composed almost entirely of tightly packed cells
103
Apical surface
- Exposed to external environment or internal body space
- Microvilli or cilia
104
Basal surface
Epithelium attached to connective tissue
105
Attachment to basement membrane
Barrier between epithelium and connective tissue
106
Epithelial Tissue Avascularity
- Epithelia lack blood vessels
- Nutrients obtained across apical surface or from basal surface
107
Epithelial Tissue Functions
- Physical protection: Protects from dehydration, abrasion, destruction
- Selective permeability: Allows passage of some substances while preventing passage of others
- Secretions: Some cells are specialized to produce and release secretions
- Sensations: Supply information to nervous system
108
Epithelial Tissue Classification
- based on degree of layering and shape of cells at outermost layer
109
Simple Squamous Epithelium Structure
Single layer of thin, flat cells resembling irregular floor tiles, the single nucleus of each cell bulges at its center
110
Simple Squamous Epithelium Function
Thinnest possible barrier to allow for rapid diffusion and filtration; secretion in serous membranes
111
Simple Squamous Epithelium Location
- Air sacs in lungs (alveoli)
- lining of lumen of blood vessels and lymph vessels (endothelium)
- serous membranes of body cavities (mesothelium)
112
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Structure
single layer of cells about as tall as they are wide; spherical and centrally located nucleus
113
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Function
absorption and secretion
forms secretory tissue of most glands and small ducts
114
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Location
- kidney tubules
- thyroid gland follicles
- surface of ovary
- secretory regions and ducts of most glands
115
Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium Structure
Single layer of cells taller than they are wide; oval shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region of cell; apical regions of cells may have microvilli, may contain goblet cells that secrete mucin
116
Nonciliated Simple Columnar Function
- absorption and secretion
- secretion of mucin
117
Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium Structure
Single layer of ciliated cells taller than they are wide; oval shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region of cell, may contain goblet cells
118
Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium Function
Secretion of mucin and movement of mucus along apical surface of epithelium by cilia; oocyte movement through uterine tube
119
Ciliated Simple Columnar Location
Lining of larger bronchioles (air passageways) of the lungs and uterline tubes
120
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Structure
Single layer of cells with varying heights; all cells connect to the basement membrane but not all cells reach the apical surface; has goblet cells and cilia
121
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Function
- protection
- secretion of mucin and movement of mucus along apical surface of epithelium by cilia
122
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Location
Lining of the larger airways of respiratory tract including nasal cavity, part of pharynx, parts of larynx, trachea, and bronchi
123
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium Structure
Multiple cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal or polyhedral whereas apical cells are squamous; apical cells are dead and filled with the protein keratin
124
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Function
protection of underlying tissue from abrasion
125
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Location
Epidermis of skin
126
Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Structure
Multiple cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or polyhedral whereas apical (superficial) cells are squamous; cells lack keratin, superficial cells are alive and kept moist
127
nonkeratinized stratified squamous function
protection of underlying tissue from abrasion
128
nonkeratinized stratified squamous location
lining of oral cavity, part of pharynx, part of larynx, esophagus, lining of vagina and anus
129
stratified cuboidal epithelium structure
two or more layer of cells; cells at the apical surface are about as tall as they are wide
130
stratified cuboidal function
protection and secretion
131
stratified cuboidal location
ducts of most exocrine glands and ovarian follicles
132
stratified columnar structure
two or more layers of cells; cells at the apical surface are taller than they are wide
133
stratified columnar function
protection and secretion
134
stratified columnar location
large ducts of salivary glands, conjunctiva covering the eye, and membranous part of male urethra
135
transitional structure
epithelial appearance varies, depending upon whether tissue is relaxed or distended (stretched); relaxed epithelium has rounded or polyhedral cells and apical cells are large and rounded whereas distended epithelium, has flattened cells at the apical surface; some cells are binucleated
136
transitional function
accommodates urine volume changes (by distending or relaxing) in urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
137
transitional location
lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
138
connective tissue
most abundant tissue type; protects, supports, binds together; examples include fat, bone, cartilage, ligaments and blood
139
muscle tissue
highly specialized to contract or shorten to produce movement; 3 types are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
140
nervous tissue
receives and conducts electrochemical impulses
141
regeneration
replacement of destroyed tissue with same kind of cells
142
fibrosis
repair by forming dense connective tissue or scare tissue
143
keratin
protein that makes cells tough, scaly, and water-resistant
144
Nonciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Structure
Single layer of cells with varying heights; all cells connect to the basement membrane but not all cells reach the apical surface; lacks goblet cells and cilia
145
Nonciliated Pseudostratified Function
Protection
146
Nonciliated Psuedostratified Location
Rare-lining part of male urethra and epididymis
147
Connective Tissue Component
Cell
Protein Fibers
Ground substance
148
Connective Tissue Functions
- physical protection
- support and structural framework
- binding of structures
- storage
- transport
- immune protection
