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MCB 245 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

-al

A

pertaining to

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2
Q

a-

A

without

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3
Q

ab-

A

away from

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4
Q

ad-

A

to, toward

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5
Q

ante-

A

before

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6
Q

anti-

A

against

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7
Q

auto

A

self

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8
Q

bene-

A

good

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9
Q

bi-

A

twice, 2

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10
Q

-blast

A

precursor, germ cell

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11
Q

brachi

A

arm

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12
Q

cephal

A

head

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13
Q

cereb

A

brain

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14
Q

chondr

A

cartilage

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15
Q

-clast

A

break

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16
Q

com-

A

with, together

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17
Q

corpus

A

body or mass

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18
Q

dura-

A

hard

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19
Q

ecto-

A

outside, outer

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20
Q

endo-

A

within, inner

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21
Q

epi-

A

upon, following

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22
Q

erthryo-

A

red

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23
Q

fibr-

A

fibrous

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24
Q

hema-

A

blood

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25
Q

hyper-

A

above, excessive

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26
Q

hypo-

A

below, deficient

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27
Q

infra-

A

under, below

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28
Q

inter

A

between

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29
Q

intra-

A

within

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30
Q

iso-

A

equal, like

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31
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

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32
Q

juxta-

A

near, adjacent

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33
Q

leuko-

A

white

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34
Q

macro-

A

large

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35
Q

medi-

A

middle

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36
Q

meso-

A

in the middle

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37
Q

micro-

A

small

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38
Q

myo-

A

muscle

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39
Q

neuro-

A

nerve

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40
Q

osse-

A

bone

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41
Q

osteo-

A

bone

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42
Q

para-

A

near, beside

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43
Q

-pathy

A

disease

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44
Q

peri-

A

surrounding, around

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45
Q

physio-

A

nature

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46
Q

=physis

A

growth

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47
Q

poly-

A

many, much

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48
Q

pseudo-

A

false

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49
Q

quad-

A

fourfold, 4

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50
Q

rami-

A

branch

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51
Q

semi-

A

half

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52
Q

serrat-

A

saw edged, toothed

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53
Q

stria-

A

stripe, band

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54
Q

sub-

A

under, below

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55
Q

supra-

A

over, above

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56
Q

trans-

A

across

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57
Q

tri

A

threefold, 3

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58
Q

anatomic position

A
  • upright stance
  • feet parallel and flat on floor
  • upper limbs at sides of body
  • palm face anteriorly (towards front)
  • head is level
  • eyes look forward
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59
Q

anterior

A

front

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60
Q

posterior

A

rear

61
Q

superior

A

towards the top of the head

62
Q

inferior

A

towards the plantar region of the feet

63
Q

medial

A

towards midline

64
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

65
Q

proximal

A

closer to attachment of trunk

66
Q

distal

A

farther from attachment of trunk

67
Q

ventral

A

belly side

68
Q

dorsal

A

back side

69
Q

superficial

A

outside closer to surface

70
Q

deep

A

inside farther from surface

71
Q

rostral

A

towards nose or mouth

72
Q

caudal

A

towards tail

73
Q

cranial/cephalic

A

towards head

74
Q

coronal

A

vertical plane divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)

75
Q

transverse

A

horizontal plane divides body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom)

76
Q

sagittal

A

divides body into left and right; into unequal portions

77
Q

midsagittal

A

special type of sagittal plane that divides body equally into left and right halves

78
Q

axial region

A

head, neck, and truck, forms main vertical axis of body

79
Q

appendicular region

A

upper and lower limbs

80
Q

cells

A

basic unit of structure and function in living things

81
Q

tissues

A

groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function

82
Q

organs

A

composed of two or more tissue types and perform specific function for body

83
Q

ocular lens

A

contains lens for viewing, also increases magnification 10x

84
Q

microscope head

A

structural part that supports the ocular

85
Q

microscope arm

A

provides support for body tube and adjustment knob, connects head w base and stage

86
Q

nosepiece

A

Holds objective lenses and rotates to allow viewing under different levels of magnification

87
Q

objective lenses

A

Contains lenses of different magnifications

88
Q

lamp (substage) light

A

Provides light source which is projected up through the tissue to allow for viewing

89
Q

Coarse adjustment knob

A

Moves the mechanical stage up and down to aid in focusing

90
Q

Microscope base

A

Provides structural support for the microscope, houses the light source

91
Q

Fine adjustment knob

A

Allows very precise focusing by moving stage in small increments

92
Q

mechanical stage

A

Supports microscope slide which can be adjusted to allow viewing of different sections of a slide

93
Q

mechanical stage controls

A

Allow movement of mechanical stage to change position of slide in field of view

94
Q

power switch

A

turns on lamp

95
Q

light control knob

A

Allows for adjustment of light being transmitted through tissue

96
Q

stage clips

A

keeps slide firmly in place

97
Q

condenser

A

focuses incoming light onto slide

98
Q

Condenser knob/iris diaphragm adjustment

A

Regulates amount of light being passed through the tissue

99
Q

Tissues

A
  • Groups of similar cells and extracellular material
  • Common function
    E.g., providing protection
  • Study of tissues, histology
100
Q

Four types of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

101
Q

Epithelium

A

-Composed of one or more layers of closely packed cells
-Contains little to no extracellular matrix
-Covers body surfaces, Lines body cavities, Forms majority of glands

102
Q

Epithelial Tissue Cellularity

A

Composed almost entirely of tightly packed cells

103
Q

Apical surface

A
  • Exposed to external environment or internal body space
  • Microvilli or cilia
104
Q

Basal surface

A

Epithelium attached to connective tissue

105
Q

Attachment to basement membrane

A

Barrier between epithelium and connective tissue

106
Q

Epithelial Tissue Avascularity

A
  • Epithelia lack blood vessels
  • Nutrients obtained across apical surface or from basal surface
107
Q

Epithelial Tissue Functions

A
  • Physical protection: Protects from dehydration, abrasion, destruction
  • Selective permeability: Allows passage of some substances while preventing passage of others
  • Secretions: Some cells are specialized to produce and release secretions
  • Sensations: Supply information to nervous system
108
Q

Epithelial Tissue Classification

A
  • based on degree of layering and shape of cells at outermost layer
109
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium Structure

A

Single layer of thin, flat cells resembling irregular floor tiles, the single nucleus of each cell bulges at its center

110
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium Function

A

Thinnest possible barrier to allow for rapid diffusion and filtration; secretion in serous membranes

111
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium Location

A
  • Air sacs in lungs (alveoli)
  • lining of lumen of blood vessels and lymph vessels (endothelium)
  • serous membranes of body cavities (mesothelium)
112
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Structure

A

single layer of cells about as tall as they are wide; spherical and centrally located nucleus

113
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Function

A

absorption and secretion
forms secretory tissue of most glands and small ducts

114
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Location

A
  • kidney tubules
  • thyroid gland follicles
  • surface of ovary
  • secretory regions and ducts of most glands
115
Q

Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium Structure

A

Single layer of cells taller than they are wide; oval shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region of cell; apical regions of cells may have microvilli, may contain goblet cells that secrete mucin

116
Q

Nonciliated Simple Columnar Function

A
  • absorption and secretion
  • secretion of mucin
117
Q

Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium Structure

A

Single layer of ciliated cells taller than they are wide; oval shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region of cell, may contain goblet cells

118
Q

Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium Function

A

Secretion of mucin and movement of mucus along apical surface of epithelium by cilia; oocyte movement through uterine tube

119
Q

Ciliated Simple Columnar Location

A

Lining of larger bronchioles (air passageways) of the lungs and uterline tubes

120
Q

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Structure

A

Single layer of cells with varying heights; all cells connect to the basement membrane but not all cells reach the apical surface; has goblet cells and cilia

121
Q

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Function

A
  • protection
  • secretion of mucin and movement of mucus along apical surface of epithelium by cilia
122
Q

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Location

A

Lining of the larger airways of respiratory tract including nasal cavity, part of pharynx, parts of larynx, trachea, and bronchi

123
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium Structure

A

Multiple cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal or polyhedral whereas apical cells are squamous; apical cells are dead and filled with the protein keratin

124
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Function

A

protection of underlying tissue from abrasion

125
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Location

A

Epidermis of skin

126
Q

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Structure

A

Multiple cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or polyhedral whereas apical (superficial) cells are squamous; cells lack keratin, superficial cells are alive and kept moist

127
Q

nonkeratinized stratified squamous function

A

protection of underlying tissue from abrasion

128
Q

nonkeratinized stratified squamous location

A

lining of oral cavity, part of pharynx, part of larynx, esophagus, lining of vagina and anus

129
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium structure

A

two or more layer of cells; cells at the apical surface are about as tall as they are wide

130
Q

stratified cuboidal function

A

protection and secretion

131
Q

stratified cuboidal location

A

ducts of most exocrine glands and ovarian follicles

132
Q

stratified columnar structure

A

two or more layers of cells; cells at the apical surface are taller than they are wide

133
Q

stratified columnar function

A

protection and secretion

134
Q

stratified columnar location

A

large ducts of salivary glands, conjunctiva covering the eye, and membranous part of male urethra

135
Q

transitional structure

A

epithelial appearance varies, depending upon whether tissue is relaxed or distended (stretched); relaxed epithelium has rounded or polyhedral cells and apical cells are large and rounded whereas distended epithelium, has flattened cells at the apical surface; some cells are binucleated

136
Q

transitional function

A

accommodates urine volume changes (by distending or relaxing) in urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra

137
Q

transitional location

A

lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra

138
Q

connective tissue

A

most abundant tissue type; protects, supports, binds together; examples include fat, bone, cartilage, ligaments and blood

139
Q

muscle tissue

A

highly specialized to contract or shorten to produce movement; 3 types are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

140
Q

nervous tissue

A

receives and conducts electrochemical impulses

141
Q

regeneration

A

replacement of destroyed tissue with same kind of cells

142
Q

fibrosis

A

repair by forming dense connective tissue or scare tissue

143
Q

keratin

A

protein that makes cells tough, scaly, and water-resistant

144
Q

Nonciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Structure

A

Single layer of cells with varying heights; all cells connect to the basement membrane but not all cells reach the apical surface; lacks goblet cells and cilia

145
Q

Nonciliated Pseudostratified Function

A

Protection

146
Q

Nonciliated Psuedostratified Location

A

Rare-lining part of male urethra and epididymis

147
Q

Connective Tissue Component

A

Cell
Protein Fibers
Ground substance

148
Q

Connective Tissue Functions

A
  • physical protection
  • support and structural framework
  • binding of structures
  • storage
  • transport
  • immune protection

MCB 245 (5 decks)

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