Exam 1 Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
Science
A
The study of the natural world
2
Q
Biology
A
The study of life and its processes
3
Q
What are the five steps to the scientific method?
A
Make an observation, ask a question, make a prediction based on hypothesis, test the prediction, ever review/publish
4
Q
What are Peirce’s four ways of knowing?
A
Tenacity, authority, a priori, scientific method
5
Q
What is the method of tenacity?
A
Holding onto a pre existing belief because it brings peace of mind
6
Q
What is the method of authority?
A
Holding something to be true because it is advocated by people in power/experts
7
Q
What is the method of a priori?
A
Reasoning from cause and effect using self-evident facts
8
Q
What is the scientific method?
A
Using a priori reasoning but letting nature answer the question
9
Q
What does it mean to be a skeptic?
A
Adopt a question, avoid anecdotes, and appreciate the statistics and value of a graph
10
Q
What is an anecdote?
A
Personal story
11
Q
What does correlation does not equal causation mean?
A
Two things may appear together but not cause each other
12
Q
What does logic mean?
A
Separate fact from conclusion, correlation does not equal causation
13
Q
Falsifiability
A
Make an observation to prove first statement is not true
14
Q
Parsimony
A
The most simple answer is usually the right answer
15
Q
Comprehensiveness
A
Have they taken into account all possible explanations?
16
Q
Replicability
A
Being able to do it over again and potentially come to similar/same results
17
Q
Curiosity
A
Why does it happen? Come to a truth quicker if more curious
18
Q
What are the characteristics of living things
A
Composed of cells, metabolism, homeostasis, evolution
19
Q
Homeostasis
A
Keeping the body environment stable, respond to stimuli, growth and reproduction, contains RNA and DNA
20
Q
Metabolism
A
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism; raw material+energy=life
21
Q
Evolution
A
Change in allele frequency over time
22
Q
What is the functional unit of life?
A
A cell
23
Q
What is the major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
A
Prokaryotic has no nucleus, eukaryotic has a nucleus
24
Q
What are the taxonomic levels starting with domain
Dear
King
Phillip
Came
For
Good
Soup
A
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
25
Which taxonomic level is most inclusive?
Domain
26
Which type of cell was the first cell of the planet?
Prokaryotic
27
What is binomial nomenclature
Two word naming system
28
Why is binomial nomenclature so important to science?
Names all things on earth
29
What are the three domains
Bacteria, archaea, Eukarya
30
Are the three domains eukaryotic or prokaryotic
Bacteria - prokaryotic
Archaea - prokaryotic
Eukarya- eukaryotic
31
What are the 4 kingdoms in the domain Eukarya
Protists, fungi, plants, animals
32
Name the domain Eukarya so characteristics based on feeding habits
Protists: single celled or multicellular, some animal, some plant
Fungi: multicellular, gets nutrients from eating other organisms
Animals: multicellular, no cell wall, no photosynthesis
Plants: has chlorophyll, goes through photosynthesis, has cell walls
33
Are humans the only animals that are bipedal?
No, other species have these characteristics, they just do them in a different way than humans
34
How are humans different than any other organism on earth?
Humans can be studied at each level of biological organization
35
Chemistry
The study of the properties of matter and how matter changes
36
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
37
Why would it be silly to claim that you don’t use certain brands of make-up because it contains chemicals?
Everything contains chemicals
38
Which four elements are the most important by weight in your body? HONCP
Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus
39
What is an atom
Smallest particle of an element
40
Name the three subatomic particles
Protons, neutrons, electrons
41
How are the three subatomic particles arranged and what are their charges?
Proton -
Neutron +
Electron / no charge
42
What is an ion
A charged atom
43
What is an isotope
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
44
What is a chemical bond
The force that holds two atoms together
45
What are the three kinds of chemical bonds
Non polar - shares electrons equally
Polar - attract electrons more strongly than others
ionic - electron transferred from one atom to another
46
What is cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance
47
What is adhesion
An attraction between molecules of different substances
48
What is surface tension
A measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid
49
What does pH measure
Hydrogen ion concentration
50
Which pH is neutral
7
51
Which pHs are acidic
6-1
52
Which pHs are basic
8-14
53
What ions increase/decrease as a liquid becomes more acidic/basic?
Hydrogen ions
54
What is the difference between organic and inorganic molecules?
Organic molecules contain carbon
Inorganic molecules do not contain carbon
55
Why is carbon a common building block of biomolecules
Carbon is the functional element for living things because it is able to bond in many different ways. It can form many compounds that are essential to life
56
What is a monomer
A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer
57
What is a polymer
Long chain of monomers
58
Name the 4 macromolecules of life
Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids
59
What is the storage form of glucose in plants
Starch
60
What is the storage form of glucose in humans
Glycogen
61
What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates
Simple = sugar
Complex = fiber
62
Which is between for you complex or simple carbohydrates?
Complex
63
Why are complex carbs better for you?
They are higher in fiver and digest more slowly
64
How many common amino acids are there?
20
65
What does it mean to be an essential amino acid?
The body cannot produce them, they must be taken in form through other sources (food)
66
What does it mean to be a non-essential amino acid?
Our bodies can produce them even if we do not get it from the food we eat
67
What does it mean to be a complete food?
Foods that contain all 9 essential amino acids
68
What does it mean to be an incomplete food?
Low or lacing in one or more of the amino acids we need to build cells
69
Explain the four levels of protein structure
The shape of a protein can be describes by four levels of structure: primary secondary tertiary and quaternary
70
Where are phospholipids found in the human body
Cell membrane
71
What is the chemical difference for saturated fats
each carbon atom is bound to as many hydrogen atoms as possible (no double bonds)
72
What is the chemical difference for unsaturated fats
Each carbon is not bound to as many hydrogen atoms as possible (double bond present)
73
Which fat is liquid at room temperature
Unsaturated
74
Which fat is solid at room temperature
Saturated
75
How can you tell saturated fats apart from unsaturated fats by just looking at their tails
Saturated tails have straight unlinked tails
Unsaturated tails have crooked kinked tails
76
Is unsaturated fat or saturated fat better for you
Unsaturated is better for you
77
Anatomy
The study of body structure
78
Physiology
The study of body function
79
Explain the statement, “form does not equal function”
A body part is formed in a certain way that would allow you to predict a certain function
80
What three structures are common to all eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane
81
Cytoplasm
A jelly like fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
82
Cytosol
Clear liquid
83
Cytoskeleton
Structural, protein fibers located within cell walls
84
What does it mean to be hydrophilic
Attracted to water
85
What does it mean to be hydrophobic
Fear of water
86
Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic
Head
87
Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic
Tail
88
How are phospholipids aligned in a membrane
Head-tail-tail-head
89
Describe the structure of the plasma membrane
Two layers of phospholipids with their Pilar hydrophilic heads facing away from each other
90
What is the fluid mosaic model
Describes the arrangement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane
91
What is the function of the plasma membrane
Control transfer of substances in and out of the cell
92
The plasma membrane is called selectively permeable. What does this mean?
Substances do not cross it indiscriminately
93
What are the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Produces proteins for the rest of the cell to function
94
What are the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membrane and steroids
95
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus
Sorts and modifies proteins that have arrived from the rough ER
96
What is the function of a lysosome
To break down materials and waste
97
What is the function of a ribosome
Protein synthesis
98
What is the function of cilia
Move liquid past the surface of the cell
99
What is the function of the flagella
Movement
100
What is the function of the mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell
101
Wha is the function of the endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
102
Which organelles are part of the endomembrane system (Neglvp)
Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysososomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane
103
Compare and contrast cilia and flagella
Cilia and flagella have the same basic structure and help move cells or more fluid over cells. Cilia are sort and numerous and move back and fourth. Flagella are longer often occurring singly, and they undulate.
104
Which function do proteins placed throughout the plasma membrane commonly serve?
Selective transport of molecules and cell-to-cell recognition
105
What functions do carbohydrates placed through the plasma membrane commonly serve?
Involved in cell adhesion and recognition and act as a physical barrier
106
Which types of molecules can more easily pass through the cell membrane?
Small, non-polar molecules
107
What is a concentration gradient
Difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another
108
What is an electrochemical gradient
A gradient of electrochemical potential, for an ion that passes through a membrane
109
In which direction do molecules move during simple diffusion
Down their concentration gradient
110
Does moving down the concentration gradient require energy?
No
111
What is osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
112
What happens to a cell when it is placed in a hypertonic solution?
The cell will shrivel and die
113
What happens to a cell when it is placed in a hypotonic solution?
Swell and expand until it bursts
114
What happens to a cell when it is placed in a isotonic solution?
It stays the same
115
How does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion or osmosis
Osmosis requires water molecules but facilitated diffusion does not require any water molecules
116
Which type of transport moves molecules against the concentration gradient and requires ATP
Active transport
117
What process can be used to move many molecules all at once or a large object such as a prokaryotic cell/cell piece into a cell? What about moving the same things out of a cell?
Endocytosis: move into
Exocytosis: move out of
118
To which of the following domains of life do humans belong?
Eukarya
Prokarya
Animilia
Eukarya
119
Consider the following statement: “Giant apes called Sasquatches are living in the forests of the Pacific Northwest, but they avoid people and leave no evidence of their existence.” Does this statement qualify as a scientific statement?
No, because scientific statement must be based on observations of the natural world, and the absence of a positive Sasquatch citing does not support their existence
120
Homeostasis is one of the characteristics of living things. What is homeostasis?
Maintaining a constant internal environment
121
Which of the following organisms are the most closely related?
Species that belong to the same taxonomic family
Species that belong to the same taxonomic order
Species that belong to the same taxonomic phylum
Species that belong to the same taxonomic class
Species that belong to the same taxonomic family
122
What genus do humans belong to
Homo
123
In the required reading, “The Irrationality of Alcoholics Anonymous,” many alcoholics continue to enroll in alcoholics anonymous programs because their doctors suggest it. What type of method of knowing does this real-life example represent?
The method of authority
124
A scientific study determines that adding sweet drinks to your diet does not increase your Body Mass Index (BMI), an indicator of human health. As a skeptic, what is a characteristic of this study that you should consider in order to determine if can trust the presentation of facts and conclusions (aka is there any hint of dishonesty)?
Determine if a company that makes sweet drinks funded this research
125
Which of the following elements makes up a signification portion (>25%) of your body, by weight?
Carbon (C)
126
Strenuous exercise lowers blood pH this means that
More H+ (hydrogen ions) are present and therefore blood becomes more acidic
127
In a water molecule (H2O), the bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms are polar covalent bonds because
Electrons are shared unequally because oxygen is more electronegative
128
What is true about unsaturated fats
Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature
129
Which subatomic particle has a negative charge
Electron
130
What is the main function of a lipid
Stores source of energy
131
Enzymes are a type of which biomolecule
Protein
132
Cells transport sodium ions out of the cell against the sodium concentration gradient this is an example of
Active transport
133
The smooth ER is especially abundant in cells that synthesize extensive amounts of
Lipids
134
When a large solute like lactose cannot move across a semipermeable membrane, water must move to equalize concentrations instead. This special type of diffusion is called:
Osmosis
135
According to the central dogma of molecular biology, DNA ultimately code for
Proteins
136
A phosphobilayer is
hydrophilic and hydrophobic
137
What process allows large macromolecules to enter a cell without passing through the membrane
Endocytosis
138
A cell that is missing lysosomes would have difficulty doing what
Digesting food
139
You suddenly feel the need to go for a long run. Your muscles keep a form of energy stored for moments like this! What macromolecule stores energy in the form of sugars that can eventually be used by your muscles
Glycogen
140
To enter or leave a cell, substances must passs through
The plasma cell membrane
141
Data
Stuff that happens
142
Data
Stuff that happens
143
Information
Organized data
144
Knowledge
The ability to use information
145
Wisdom
The judicious use of knowledge
146
Correlation does not equal causation
Because two things appear together doesn’t mean they caused each other to happen
147
Properties of water
Cohesion & adhesion
148
What are the taxonomic levels starting with domain
Domain
Kingdom
phylum
class
Order
family
Genus
Species
149
Active transport
Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient
150
Passive transport
Type of transport that does not require energy to move substances around the cell membrane
151
Which taxonomic group includes the fewest species?
Genus
