Exam 1 Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
Identify the branch of biological science that studies the external and internal structure of the body and the physical relationship among body parts.
-genetics
-embryology
-anatomy
-cytology
-physiology
A
Anatomy
2
Q
Which of the following options best describes the main concept(s) associated with study of anatomy and physiology?
-the predisposition towards internal balance known as homeostasis
-the hierarchy of structural relationships
-the principle of complementarity of structure and function
-all of the listed responses are correct
A
All of the listed responses are correct
3
Q
A chemical imbalance in the body can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that
-all organisms are composed of cells
-congenital defects can be life-threatening
-blood has magical properties
-chemical molecules make up cells
-all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent
A
all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent
4
Q
The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in an organism is termed
-negative feedback
-homeostasis
-integration
-positive feedback
-effector control
A
Homeostasis
5
Q
The tendency for physiological systems to stabilize internal conditions is called
-self-regulation
-homeostasis
-amplification
-equilibriosis
-hemopoiesis
A
Homeostasis
6
Q
Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) ________ that detects a particular stimulus, and a(n) ________ that responds to the stimulus by communicating with a(n) ________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus.
-control center; effector; receptor
-receptor; control center; effetor
-effector; receiver; communicator
-receiver; communicator; effector
-control center; receiver; effector
A
receptor; control center; effector
7
Q
________ results from the activities of the nervous or endocrine system.
-automatic regulation
-autoregulation
-intrinsic regulation
-extrinsic regulation
-self-regulation
A
Extrinsic regulation
8
Q
The process that occurs when a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts in response to some environmental change is
-dynamic equilibrium
-homeostatic equilibrium
-positive feedback
-negative feedback
-autoregulation
A
Autoregulation
9
Q
Jared was working in a hot dish room all afternoon, sweating. After his shift, he stepped out into a cold December night and got “goose bumps.” What type of homeostatic regulation best describes these physiological responses?
-extrinsic regulation
-receptor-mediated homeostasis
-autoregulation
-positive feedback
A
Extrinsic regulation
10
Q
When body temperature rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease the body temperature. This is an example of
-nonhomeostatic regulation
-negative feedback
-fever
-positive feedback
-diagnostic regulation
A
Negative feedback
11
Q
A cell or an organ that responds to commands of the control center in negative feedback is termed a(n)
-receptor
-stimulus
-hypothalamus
-thermoregulator
-effector
A
Effector
12
Q
If a response increases a disturbance, the control system is classified as a ________ feedback system.
-polarized
-deficit
-neutral
-negative
-positive
A
Positive
13
Q
The plasma membrane separates the __________ from the __________.
-extracellular fluid; cytoplasm
-cytoplasm; nucleoplasm
-cytoplasm; mitochondria
-interstitial fluid; blood
A
extracellular fluid; cytoplasm
14
Q
Membrane proteins perform all of the following functions except
-metabolizing glucose to gain energy
-binding to extracellular ligands
-anchoring the cell to other structures
-transporting solutes across the membrane
-catalyzing chemical reactions
A
Metabolizing glucose to gain energy
15
Q
Functions of the plasma membrane include all of the following except
-thermal insulation
-regulation of exchange of materials with the extracellular environment
-separation of the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid
-structural support
-sensitivity to chemical changes in the extracellular fluid
A
thermal insulation
16
Q
How is the plasma membrane involved in structural support of body tissues?
-It primarily consists of fibrous proteins
-It is inflated by cytoplasm at high pressure
-Tissues are largely composed of empty plasma membranes left by dead cells
-It is hydrophobic; so it repels extracellular fluid and attracts the membranes of other cells
-It has specialized connections to other cells or extracellular materials
A
It has specialized connections to other cells or extracellular materials
17
Q
If a hole is torn in a cell’s plasma membrane, the cell will die because
-cells can only make more plasma membrane during cell division
-it will not be able to undergo cell division
-it will not be able to maintain differences between the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid
-germs are attracted toward cytoplasm leaking from a cell
-its chromosomes will not be held in place
A
It will not be able to maintain differences between the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid
18
Q
The cell theory includes all of these concepts except
-every cell is capable of living on its own if isolated from the body.
-cells are the building blocks of all organisms.
-cells are the smallest units that carry out the essential functions of life.
-all cells come from the division of preexisting cells.
-each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level.
A
Every cell is capable of living on its own if isolated from the body.
19
Q
Which of the following best describes osmosis?
-diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration
-random movement of water due to kinetic energy
-movement of water into a solute
-active transport of water across the cell membrane
-diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane
A
Diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane
20
Q
Diffusion of a substance across the cell membrane may be influenced by all of the following except
-the availability of ATP
-its concentration gradient
-its lipid solubility
-the presence of membrane channels for the substance
-its charge of the substance
A
The availability of ATP
21
Q
A cell can increase how fast a substance diffuses across its plasma membrane by inserting channels, which modify the
-membrane’s permeability to the substance
-distance across the membrane
-charge of the substance
-concentration gradient of the substance
-size and mobility of the substance
A
Membrane’s permeability to the substance
22
Q
Cell membranes are said to be ________ because they allow some substances to pass but not others.
-doubly amphipathic
-impermeable
-selectively permeable
-hydrophilic
-hydrophobic
A
Selectively permeable
23
Q
How do small water-soluble molecules and ions diffuse across the plasma membrane? How do lipid-soluble molecules diffuse across the plasma membrane? (Figure 3-15)
-diffuse through membrane channels; diffuse directly through the plasma membrane
-diffuse by osmosis; diffuse by carrier-mediated transport
-diffuse by carrier-mediated transport; diffuse by passive transport
-diffuse by endocytosis; diffuse by pinocytosis
-diffuse directly through the plasma membrane; diffuse through membrane channel
A
Diffuse through membrane channels; diffuse directly through the plasma membrane
24
Q
Which of these vesicular transport methods expels material from the cell?
-pinocytosis
-receptor-mediated endocytosis
-exocytosis
-phagocytosis
A
Exocytosis
25
Secondary active transport
-is not carried out by membrane proteins.
-cannot move a substance against its concentration gradient.
-does not require the cell to invest energy, either directly or indirectly.
-does not link the pumping of one substance to the concentration gradient of another.
-is not directly linked to the hydrolysis of ATP.
is not directly linked to the hydrolysis of ATP.
26
A process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called
-active transport
-passive transport
-facilitated transport
-osmosis
-diffusion
Active transport
27
In ________, one substance is transported into the cell and another is transported out.
-throughtransport
-ditransport
-protransport
-countertransport
-cotransport
Countertransport
28
What provides the energy for the sodium-potassium exchange pump? (Figure 3-19)
-breaking the high energy bond of ATP
-the voltage of the cell
-the concentration gradient of potassium
-breaking the high energy bond of ADP
-the concentration gradient of sodium
Breaking the high energy bond of ATP
29
In the facilitated diffusion of glucose, what determines the direction in which glucose molecules will be transported? (Figure 3-18)
-the amount of sodium available to bind inside the cell vs. outside the cell
-the tonicity of the cell
-the concentration gradient
-the voltage of the membrane
-the amount of ATP available inside the cell versus outside the cell
The concentration gradient
30
A group of cells working together to perform a particular function is called a(n) __________.
-molecule
-tissue
-organ
-histology
Tissue
31
What basic tissue type is responsible for structural support of other tissues and also stores energy?
-epithelial
-connective
-muscle
-nervous
Connective
32
Which of the four basic tissue types form coverings or linings of organs?
-epithelial tissue
-neural tissue
-connective tissue
-muscle tissue
-protective tissue
Epithelial tissue
33
Neural tissue
-fills spaces in the body
-stores energy
-can contract
-carries information from one part of the body to another
-forms glands
Carries information from one part of the body to another
34
Any substance that enters or leaves your body must cross
-muscle tissue
-neural tissue.
-epithelial tissue.
-secretory tissue.
-connective tissue.
Epithelial tissue
35
Close examination of a healthy organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels and one surface of the cells lines the cavity of the organ. This tissue is a type of
--muscle tissue
-neural tissue.
-epithelium
-fat tissue.
-connective tissue.
Epithelium
36
Characteristics of epithelia include all of the following except
-avascularity
-extracellular matrix
-attachment
-polarity
-regeneration
Extracellular matrix
37
In "simple columnar epithelium," which word describes cell shape and which word describes the number of cell layers? (Figure 4-6)
-simple; columnar
-epithelium; columnar
-columnar; epithelium
-simple; epithelium
-columnar; simple
columnar; simple
38
Epithelial cells that line the small intestine transport nutrients into the body. Directional transport is associated with the epithelial tissue property of
-cellularity
-avascularity
-attachment
-regeneration
-polarity
Polarity
39
The junction type that lets neighboring cells exchange small molecules is the
-hemidesmosome
-desmosome
-zonula adherens
-gap junction
-tight junction
Gap junction
40
A type of intercellular junction that stops materials from crossing an epithelium between cells is called a(n)
-gap junction
-hemidesmosome
-tight junction
-intermediate junction
-desmosome
Tight junction
41
In stratified epithelia adapted to resist mechanical forces, which of the following types of cell-to-cell junctions are especially abundant?
-gap junctions
-tight junctions
-desmosomes
-hemidesmosomes
-basolateral junctions
Desmosomes
42
Epithelial cells with important transport functions such as absorption and secretion often bear __________ on their free surfaces.
-mitochondria
-Golgi complexes
-cilia
-microvilli
Microvilli
43
Glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid are ________ glands.
-exocrine
-interstitial
-merocrine
-holocrine
-endocrine
Endocrine
44
The function of simple cuboidal epithelium is
-protection and transport
-storage and retrieval
-phagocytosis and immunity
-support and structure
-absorption and secretion
Absorption and secretion
45
The epithelia that line body cavities and blood vessels are classified as
-transitional
-simple cuboidal
-stratified cuboidal
-simple squamous
-stratified squamous
Simple squamous
46
What type of epithelial tissue is specialized to stretch repeatedly without damage?
-stratified squamous epithelium
-transitional epithelium
-simple cuboidal epithelium
-simple squamous epithelium
Transitional epithelium
47
In _________, the product is released from secretory vesicles at the apical surface of the gland cell by exocytosis.
Merocrine secretion
48
What is an example of a gland associated with merocrine secretion?
Salivary gland
49
_______ involves the loss of apical cytoplasm.
Apocrine secretion
50
What is an example of a gland associated with apocrine secretion?
Mammary gland
51
_______ occurs as superficial gland cells burst. Continued secretion involves the replacement of these cells.
Holocrine secretion
52
What is an example of a gland associated with holocrine secretion?
Sebaceous gland
53
What are the steps involved in holocrine secretion?
1. Cell division replaces lost cells.
2. Cells form secretory products and increase in size.
3. Cells burst, releasing cytoplasmic contents.
54
Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by
-a reticular lamina
-proteoglycan
-interfacial canals
-keratin
-a basement membrane
A basement membrane
55
Epithelial tissue is always attached to which other major tissue type?
-muscle tissue
-connective tissue
-neural tissue
-facial tissue
-membrane tissue
Connective tissue
56
You are observing a type of connective tissue that contains a variety of cells in a watery matrix. Based on these observations, what category of connective tissue are you looking at?
-supporting connective tissue
-bone
-fluid connective tissue
-connective tissue proper
Fluid connective tissue
57
The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as
-scaffold
-collagen
-matrix
-chondroitin
-cartilage
Matrix
58
Which kind of connective tissue has collagen fibers aligned parallel to each other?
-dense irregular connective tissue
-superficial fascia
-adipose tissue
-dense regular connective tissue
-areolar tissue
Dense regular connective tissue
59
The dominant type of extracellular protein fiber in dense connective tissue is
-myosin
-collagen
-elastin
-actin
-connectin
Collagen
60
A tissue that provides strength and support for areas subjected to stresses from many directions is
-reticular connective tissue.
-elastic or hyaline cartilage.
-dense regular connective tissue.
-any connective tissue proper.
-dense irregular connective tissue.
Dense irregular connective tissue
61
The internal framework or stroma of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is made up of ________ tissue.
-reticular tissue
-irregular dense connective
-adipose
-regular dense connective
-loose connective
Reticular tissue
62
Loose connective tissue functions in all of the following ways except
-cushioning and stabilizing.
-filling spaces between organs.
-anchoring blood vessels and nerves.
-supporting epithelia.
-providing strong connections between muscles and bones.
Providing strong connections between muscles and bones.
63
The viscous component of connective tissue matrix is called
-lymph
-plasma
-basal layer
-collagen
-ground substance
Ground substance
64
The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are
-collagen, reticular, and elastic.
-cartilage, bone, and collagen.
-tendons, ligaments, and elastic ligaments.
-loose, dense, and irregular.
-polar, cellular, and permeable.
-Collagen, reticular, and elastic
65
Which type of loose connective tissue provides padding, cushions shock, reduces heat loss, and stores energy? Where are some places in the body this type of tissue is commonly found? (Figure 4-11)
-areolar tissue; liver and kidney
-reticular tissue; around eyes and kidneys
-adipose tissue; deep to the skin at sides, buttocks, and breasts
-areolar tissue; deep to the dermis, between muscles and around joints
-reticular tissue; spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow
Adipose tissue; deep to the skin at sides, buttocks, and breasts
66
What type of connective tissue is areolar connective tissue?
-Cartilage
-Dense connective tissue
-Loose connective tissue
-Dense regular connective tissue
-Dense irregular connective tissue
-Loose connective tissue
(Areolar connective tissue is the most common type of loose connective tissue, so it is often just referred to as that; areolar connective tissue and loose connective tissue refer to the same tissue.)
67
What are the visible characteristics of areolar connective tissue?
-Fibers create an observable woven or web-type pattern.
-Multiple cell types are present.
-Cells are packed in tight together so that neighboring cells contact each other.
-Multiple types of fibers running in different directions.
-All the fiber types present can be observed on a microscope slide.
-Fibers create an observable woven or web-type pattern.
-Multiple cell types are present.
-Multiple types of fibers running in different directions.
68
Identify the primary functions of areolar connective tissue.
-Protects the epidermis
-Resists compression
-Supports epithelium
-Connects different tissue types
-Connects muscle to bone
-Supports epithelium
-Connects different tissue types
(Areolar connective tissue is a basic loose connective tissue that binds tissues together in the skin, mucous membranes, and hollow organs.)
69
Where is areolar connective tissue found in the body?
-Capping the ends of bone
-Deep regions of the dermis
-Underlying the epithelium of the trachea
-Underlying the epithelium of the esophagus
-Underlying the epidermis
-Underlying the epithelium of the trachea
-Underlying the epithelium of the esophagus
-Underlying the epidermis
(The presence of elastic fibers in areolar tissue makes elasticity one of its characteristics.)
70
What fiber type permits areolar connective tissue to retain a degree of flexibility?
-Reticular
-Collagen
-Elastic
Elastic
(The presence of elastic fibers in areolar tissue makes elasticity one of its characteristics.)
71
What does the term “dense” in “dense irregular connective tissue” refer to?
-Density of fibers
-Density of fibroblast nuclei
-Density of the ground substance
-Density of cells
Density of fibers
(There is more than one type of dense connective tissue, and all forms have an increased density of fibers.)
72
What are the visible characteristics of dense irregular connective tissue?
-Collagen fibers running in different directions.
-Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers can be observed on a microscope slide.
-Multiple types of fibers running in different directions.
-Fibers create a woven or web-type pattern observable on the slide.
-Fibroblast nuclei are visible in a sporadic arrangement.
-Collagen fibers running in different directions.
-Fibers create a woven or web-type pattern observable on the slide.
-Fibroblast nuclei are visible in a sporadic arrangement.
73
Identify the primary function(s) of dense irregular connective tissue.
-Resists compression
-Provides flexibility along one spatial plane only
-Resists stress applied along multiple spatial planes
-Provides strength
-Resists stress applied along one spatial plane only
-Resists stress applied along multiple spatial planes
-Provides strength
(Collagen fibers provide strength and resist stressors applied from multiple directions in dense irregular connective tissue, making it a perfect tissue type to form the majority of the dermis (i.e., reticular layer).
74
Where is dense irregular connective tissue found in the body?
-Underlying the epithelium of the stomach
-Forms thin encasements around many organs
-The epidermis
-Deep regions of the dermis
-Forms the intervertebral discs
-Forms thin encasements around many organs
-Deep regions of the dermis
(Dense irregular connective tissue forms the majority of the dermis, a region known as the reticular layer, and also forms the fibrous capsule that encases certain organs.)
75
What is the dominant fiber type found in dense irregular connective tissue?
-Elastic
-Reticular
-Collagen
Collagen
(Collagen fibers dominate the matrix of dense irregular connective tissue.)
76
What does the term “regular” in “dense regular connective tissue” refer to?
-Fibers run perpendicular.
-Fibers are all the same type.
-Fibers run parallel.
-Fibers are evenly distributed throughout the tissue.
-Fibers run in an interwoven web.
Fibers run parallel.
(There is more than one type of dense regular connective tissue, and both forms contain fibers that run in parallel (i.e., in the same direction).
77
What are the visible characteristics of dense regular connective tissue?
-Fibroblast nuclei are visible, sporadically located between fibers.
-Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers can be observed on a microscope slide.
-Multiple types of fibers running in different directions.
-Very little ground substance and few cells are observable on the slide.
-Collagen fibers or elastic fibers running in the same direction.
-Fibroblast nuclei are visible, sporadically located between fibers.
-Very little ground substance and few cells are observable on the slide.
-Collagen fibers or elastic fibers running in the same direction.
78
Identify the primary function(s) of dense regular connective tissue.
-Resists compression
-Provides strength and durability
-Filtration and diffusion through a matrix of fibers
-Resists tensions applied along multiple planes
-Resists bidirectional tensions applied along one spatial plane
-Provides strength and durability
-Resists bidirectional tensions applied along one spatial plane
(Collagen fibers provide strength and resist bidirectional pull in dense regular connective tissue, making it a perfect tissue type to strongly unite two structures, like a tendon unites muscle to bone. The elastic fibers in elastic connective tissue, another type of dense regular connective tissue, give large blood vessels the durability to undergo continuous pressure changes.)
79
Where is dense regular connective tissue found in the body?
-Forms tendons
-Forms the fibrous capsules that surround joint cavities
-Insulates against heat loss
-Forms part of the wall of large arteries
-Forms lymph nodes
-Forms tendons
-Forms part of the wall of large arteries
(Dense regular connective tissue forms tendons and ligaments. Elastic connective tissue also forms some ligaments and part of the walls of large arteries like the aorta.)
80
What are the fiber types found in the two forms of dense regular connective tissue?
-Collagen and elastic
-Reticular and collagen
-Elastic and reticular
Collagen and elastic
(The most common type of dense regular connective tissue is formed by parallel collagen fibers. Elastic connective tissue is another type of dense regular connective tissue formed by parallel elastic fibers.)
81
What is the only type of cell found in cartilage matrix? (Figure 4-16)
-chondrocytes
-osteoblasts
-chondroblasts
-fibroblasts
-osteoclasts
Chondrocytes
82
Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to
-fat
-bone
-blood
-neural tissue
-epithelium
Bone
83
Chondroitin sulfate is abundant in the matrix of
-elastic connective tissue
-epithelial tissue
-adipose tissue
-cartilage
-areolar tissue
Cartilage
84
To celebrate her 50th birthday, Anna got her ear pierced in the elastic cartilage portion (pinna). The piercing specialist informed her that it will take at least 6 weeks to heal. This is because __________.
-only interstitial cartilage growth occurs and it is much slower than appositional growth
-osseous tissue replaces the cartilage matrix
-cartilage is avascular, so healing takes longer
-chondrocytes take longer to migrate to the site of injury
Cartilage is avascular, so healing takes longer
85
How can cartilage maintain its function even though it is avascular?
-The perichondrium prevents any exchange of nutrients and waste products.
-Cartilage is only the thickness of a few cell layers.
-Cartilage does not contain living cells.
-Cartilage has extensive blood vessels.
-Nutrients and waste products diffuse through the cartilage's matrix.
Nutrients and waste products diffuse through the cartilage's matrix.
86
Tissue membranes combine
-epithelial and connective tissue.
-epithelial and muscle tissue.
-muscle and connective tissue.
-neural and epithelial tissue.
-neural and muscle tissue.
Epithelial and connective tissue
87
Voluntary movements are carried out by the contraction of
-all types of muscle
-cardiac muscle
-skeletal muscle
-smooth muscle
-nonstriated muscle
Skeletal muscles
88
Intercalated discs and pacemaker cells are characteristic of ________ tissue.
-skeletal muscle
all types of muscle
cardiac muscle
nerve
smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
89
The muscle tissue that shows no striations is ________ muscle.
-voluntary
-multinucleated
-skeletal
-smooth
-cardiac
Smooth
90
The muscle found in the walls of most hollow organs of the body is
-involuntary striated muscle.
-smooth muscle.
-skeletal muscle.
-voluntary striated muscle.
-cardiac muscle.
Smooth
91
The loose connective tissue component of a mucous membrane is called the
-mucina lamina
-lamina densa
-areolar lamina
-lamina propria
-basal lamina
Lamina propria
92
The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of
-serous membranes.
-synovial membranes.
-cutaneous membranes.
-mucous membranes.
-the lamina propria.
Serous membranes
93
The two components of the integumentary system are the
-epidermis and dermis.
-epidermis and superficial fascia.
-integument and hypodermis.
-cutaneous membrane and hypodermis.
-cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.
Cutaneous membrane and accessory structures
94
The type of cells that form the strata in the epidermis are
-melanocytes
-dendritic cells
-fibroblasts
-keratinocytes
-adipocytes
Keratinocytes
95
The epidermis of the skin is composed of what type of tissue?
-areolar connective tissue
-nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
-transitional epithelium
-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
-simple squamous epithelium
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
96
The layer of stem cells that constantly divide to renew the epidermis is the
-basal lamina.
-stratum corneum.
-stratum basale.
-papillary layer.
-stratum granulosum.
Stratum basale
97
The protein that reduces water loss at the skin surface is
-collagen
-eleidin
-melanin
-mucin
-keratin
Keratin
98
Thin skin contains ________ epidermal layer(s) and thick skin contains ________ layers.
-1; 2
-2; 3
-5; 6
-3; 4
-4; 5
4; 5
99
All of the following contain blood vessels except the
-subcutaneous layer.
-epidermis.
-papillary layer.
-reticular layer.
-hypodermis.
Epidermis
100
The layer of epidermis where most cells have stopped dividing and started making large amounts of keratin is the
-stratum spinosum.
-stratum granulosum.
-stratum lucidum.
-stratum corneum.
-stratum basale
Stratum granulosum
101
The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the ________ layer.
-hypodermal
-reticular
-papillary
-subcutaneous
-epidermal
Reticular
102
Which layer of the dermis contains the capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory nerve fibers that supply the epidermis?
-stratum basale
-subcutaneous layer
-papillary layer
-reticular layer
Papillary layer
103
Exposure to ultraviolet light (sunlight) causes the skin to darken by increasing the production of
-hemoglobin
-keratin
-collagen
-carotene
-melanin
Melanin
104
Melanin is produced by melanocytes within the stratum
-granulosum
-corneum
-lucidum
-spinosum
-basale
Basale
105
Individuals who live in locations with limited exposure to sunlight can have abnormal bone development due to an inability to absorb calcium and phosphate ions from the small intestine. Why does a limited exposure to sunlight cause abnormal bone development?
-People sleep more in areas of limited sunlight.
-People exercise less in areas where there is limited sunlight. This lack of exercise can cause abnormal development of bones.
-People are more depressed in areas with limited sunlight, and depression can cause abnormal development of bones.
-Cholecalciferol, or vitamin D3, is necessary for the normal absorption of calcium and phosphate ions. Vitamin D3 is made by cells in the epidermis due to exposure to sunlight. Without enough exposure to sunlight, the body won't produce enough vitamin D3.
Cholecalciferol, or vitamin D3, is necessary for the normal absorption of calcium and phosphate ions. Vitamin D3 is made by cells in the epidermis due to exposure to sunlight. Without enough exposure to sunlight, the body won't produce enough vitamin D3.
106
If the papilla of a hair follicle is destroyed,
-the color of the hair will become lighter.
-the hair matrix will lose its blood supply.
-hair production will not be affected.
-the hair produced by the follicle will change from terminal to vellus.
-the texture of the hair will become coarser.
the hair matrix will lose its blood supply.
107
When the arrector pili muscles contract,
-the skin changes color.
-sweat is released from sweat glands.
-hairs are shed.
-"goose bumps" are formed.
-shivering occurs.
"goose bumps" are formed.
108
Secretions of what gland lubricate and protect the hair shaft?
-sebaceous glands
-mammary glands
-ceruminous glands
-eccrine sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
109
Hair growth is due to the continual division of the basal cells of the __________.
-hair root
-hair shaft
-hair papilla
-hair matrix
Hair matrix
110
Earwax is produced by ________ glands.
-eccrine sweat
-merocrine sweat
-sebaceous
-apocrine sweat
-ceruminous
Ceruminous
111
________ sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, ________ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and ________ sweat glands are found only in a few areas.
-Apocrine; sebaceous; merocrine
-Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine
-Merocrine; apocrine; sebaceous
-Sebaceous; merocrine; apocrine
-Apocrine; merocrine; sebaceous
Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine
112
Which of the following is not a function of the sebum?
-It protects the hair shaft.
-It inhibits growth of bacteria.
-It conditions the surrounding skin.
-It lubricates the hair shaft.
-It helps the skin shed excess heat.
It helps the skin shed excess heat.
113
Which of the following is not a function of the exocrine sweat gland?
-It excretes electrolytes.
-It conditions the surrounding skin with its lipid secretion.
-It cools the surface of the skin.
-It interferes with adhesion of microorganisms.
-It uses dermcidin as antibiotic protection.
It conditions the surrounding skin with its lipid secretion.
114
Nail production occurs at the nail
-body
-bed
-hyponychium
-root
-cuticle
root.
115
The stratum corneum just under the free edge of a nail is the
-eponychium
-nail root
-cuticle
-hyponychium
-lunula
hyponychium.
116
If you have a manicure and get your cuticles pushed back, the manicurist is technically doing what?
-Pushing a portion of the stratum corneum back from the eponychium
-Pushing a portion of the stratum germanitivum back from the hyponichium
-Pushing a portion of the stratum lucidum back from the nail body.
-Pushing a portion of the stratum spinosum back from the lunula.
Pushing a portion of the stratum corneum back from the eponychium.
117
If a fair-skinned person is outside on a hot sunny day, why does his or her skin turn red?
-The blood flow to the skin increases.
-Melanocytes increase production of red pigments.
-The number of red melanocytes in the skin increases.
-Carotene production greatly increases.
-Decreased heat causes the skin to turn red.
The blood flow to the skin increases.
118
Which plexus supplies blood to the capillary loops that follow the epidermis-dermis boundary? (Figure 5-6)
-mucosal plexus
-epidermal plexus
-submucosal plexus
-cutaneous plexus
-subpapillary plexus
Subpapillary plexus
119
Coarse pigmented hairs are called ________ hairs.
-terminal
-gossamer
-vellus
-veneer
-lanugo
terminal
120
The following are stages in the regeneration of skin following an injury. What is the correct order for these events?
1. inflammation
2. cellular migration
3. epidermis covers granulation tissue
4. epidermis covers scar tissue
-4, 3, 2, 1
-2, 4, 1, 3
-3, 4, 1, 2
-4, 3, 1, 2
-1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3, 4
121
The human pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. In response to a drop in blood glucose, the pancreas releases the hormone glucagon into the bloodstream which stimulates glucose release from the liver and raises blood sugar. This example would illustrate its ______________ function and regulation of blood glucose is an example of _____________ feedback.
-endocrine; positive
-endocrine; negative
-exocrine; positive
-exocrine; negative
endocrine; negative
122
Epithelial tissue consisting of many cell layers provides better protection against mechanical forces than epithelial tissue comprised of a single cell layer. What major theme within anatomy and physiology does this statement illustrate?
-Complementarity of structure and function
-Homeostasis
-Hierarchy of structural relationships
-None of the above
Complementarity of structure and function
123
Cartilage and blood are two different types of connective tissue. What do they have in common?
-They are both supporting connective tissues
-They are both types of loose connective tissue proper
-The dominant fiber in the matrix is elastic fibers
-The cells reside within spaces called lacunae
-The developmental origin of the tissues is from mesenchyme
The developmental origin of the tissues is from mesenchyme
124
The masseter muscle elevates the mandible and closes the jaw when it contracts. The masseter would attach to bone using what type of tissue?
-Dense irregular connective tissue
-Dense regular connective tissue
-Stratified squamous epithelium
-Areolar connective tissue
-Elastic tissue
-Stratified columnar epithelium
Dense regular connective tissue
125
Which of the following would NOT be considered part of the integumentary system?
-papillary layer
-sebaceous glands
-epidermis
-hypodermis
-cutaneous membrane
-eccrine sweat glands
Hypodermis
126
Which of the following is TRUE regarding how the intracellular and extracellular environments differ?
-Na+ ion concentrations are higher outside of the cell
-K+ ion concentrations are higher outside of the cell
-K+ ion concentrations are lower inside of the cell
-The extracellular environment is hydrophobic and the intracellular environment is hydrophilic
-Protein concentrations are lower inside the cell
Na+ ion concentrations are higher outside of the cell
127
How would a physiologist describe dense irregular connective tissue?
-Provides strength and resists tension in many directions
-Provides padding and cushioning, insulates the body, and stores energy
-Characterized by a high density of collagen fibers not arranged in a regular pattern
-Found in the dermis
-Matrix consists of loosely arranged collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers and a viscous ground substance
Provides strength and resists tension in many directions
128
Which of the following CORRECTLY matches the layer of the epidermis to its description?
-Papillary layer - comprised of areolar connective tissue
-Stratum granulosum - keratinocytes produce keratin and become thinner and flatter
-Stratum corneum - where actively dividing keratinocytes are found
-Reticular layer - location of melanocytes
-Stratum basale - superficial layers of flattened, dead keratinocytes
Stratum granulosum - keratinocytes produce keratin and become thinner and flatter
129
An individual damages their epidermis (let’s say on their arm) to the point where all of the layers above the stratum spinosum are lost. Assume the cells in this layer and below are able to function normally. Which of the following would be impacted by this damage? Select ALL that apply.
-Protection against pathogens
-Anchoring of accessory structures
-Fluid balance in the body
-Ability of the epidermis to regenerate
-Production of melanin by melanocytes
-Protection against pathogens
-Fluid balance in the body
130
Cartilage and bone are both supporting connective tissues. Which of the following is FALSE about how cartilage and bone compare?
-Cartilage and bone both contain collagen fibers.
-Cartilage is more resistant to compression because of the calcium salts added to its matrix whereas bone gets its hardened properties based on the addition of chondroitin sulfate to its matrix.
-Both have only one type of cell that will be found in the mature matrix.
-Cartilage is avascular whereas blood vessels can be found within the central canal of each osteon in compact bone.
-Cartilage has a poorer ability to heal than bone.
Cartilage is more resistant to compression because of the calcium salts added to its matrix whereas bone gets its hardened properties based on the addition of chondroitin sulfate to its matrix.
131
Upon microscopic examination of a cross-section of a tube-like structure within the body, you find that it contains an inner layer of epithelial tissues that is surrounded by connective tissue and smooth muscle. This structure would be considered a(n):
-cell
-organ
-tissue
-goblet cell
-organ system
Organ
132
Suppose you wanted to change the permeability of a plasma membrane to a large, polar molecule such as glucose. How might you do that?
- Consume more sugar and caffeine in preparation for your exam.
-It would not be possible because glucose would cross the membrane by simple diffusion.
-Open channel proteins.
-Add more carrier proteins specific to that molecule to the membrane.
-Remove aquaporins from the membrane.
Add more carrier proteins specific to that molecule to the membrane.
133
The term reticular layer describes the appearance of this region of the cutaneous membrane rather than the main tissue type that is found there. What tissue type constitutes the majority of this layer?
-Adipose tissue
-Stratified squamous epithelium
-Skeletal muscle
-Areolar connective tissue
-Dense irregular connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
134
Arteries (large blood vessels) near the heart experience dramatic pressure fluctuations and thus have a thicker muscular wall and greater ability to expand and recoil than other arteries. Which of these would you expect to find in the wall of these arteries?
-High density reticular fibers
-Cardiac muscle
-Smooth muscle
-Skeletal muscle
-Few elastic fibers
Smooth muscle
135
Which of the following descriptions would be consistent with epithelial tissue that is specialized for absorption?
-Cells connected by loose junctions
-Stratified and squamous
-Simple and processes microvilli
-Highly vascularized
-Pseudostratified and ciliated
Simple and processes microvilli
136
Which of the following is NOT a function associated with the accessory structures of our integumentary system?
- Diluting chemicals that come into contact with our skin
-All of the other listed answers are functions associated with accessory structures.
-Producing milk
-Sensing insects
-Protecting our eyes from debris
-Keeping hair from becoming brittle
All of the other listed answers are functions associated with accessory structures.
137
The first portion of the respiratory tract (trachea) is lined by ciliated pseudostratified epithelia. The cilia of these cells would be located on the _____________ surface of the epithelia and the __________ junctions between these cells would allow for the coordinated beating of the cilia to help clear mucus.
-basal; tight
-apical; gap
-basal; gap
-apical; desmosomes
-apical; tight
apical; gap
138
Severe dehydration can be life-threatening to a person because of the associated increases in osmolarity of extracellular fluids. Under such conditions, the extracellular fluid would become ___________ to your cells and would lead to the ____________ of water from your cells.
-isotonic; loss
-hypotonic; loss
-hypertonic; loss
-hypertonic; gain
-hypotonic; gain
Hypertonic; loss
139
Connective tissue differs from epithelial tissue in that it is dominated by matrix. Which of the following would be considered part of the matrix in areolar connective tissue? Select ALL that apply.
-Mesenchymal cells
-Fibroblasts
-Reticular fibers
-Collagen fibers
-Ground substance
-Reticular fibers
-Collagen fibers
-Ground substance
140
The amount of water recovered at the kidneys during urine production is influenced by endocrine signals (hormones). These signals work by altering sodium concentrations and the number of aquaporins in cell membranes. This example incorporates all EXCEPT which concept?
-Saturation limits impact diffusion rates
-Signaling molecules impact diffusion rates
-Extrinsic regulation
-Concentration gradients impact diffusion rates
-Intrinsic regulation (autoregulation)
Intrinsic regulation (autoregulation)
141
Viewed with a light microscope, a tissue appears as a simple squamous epithelium. Can this be a sample of the skin surface? Why or why not?
No, this is not a sample from the skin surface. A simple squamous epithelium does not provide enough protection against infection, abrasion, or dehydration. The skin surface has a stratified squamous epithelium.
142
Why do the pharynx, esophagus, anus, and vagina have a similar stratified epithelial organization?
All these regions are subject to mechanical trauma and abrasion.
Pharynx and esophagus by food
Anus by feces
Vagina by intercourse or childbirth
143
Name two primary types of glandular epithelia.
Endocrine glands
Exocrine glands
144
The secretory cells of sebaceous glands fill with vesicles and then rupture, releasing their contents. Which method of secretion is this?
Holocrine secretion
145
Which type of gland releases its secretions directly into the interstitial fluid?
Endocrine glands.
