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BIO 130 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Amino Acids: What and Structure

A

Building blocks of protein

4 molecules attached to a carbon
- H2N: amino
- COOH: acid (CO: double bond, OH: Alcohol)
- H
- R (Other)

       H    O
        |      || H2n -- C -- C -- OH
        |
        R
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2
Q

Carbohydrates: Structures and Purpose

A

Monomers: Monosaccharides (Simple sugar)
Polymers: Polysaccharides (complex sugar, fiber, starch) - covalent bonds

Structure, energy

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3
Q

Define Covalent Bonding

A

Electrons are shared

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4
Q

Define Electronegativity

A

An element’s desire to finish a valence shell (most outer shell)

Goal is 8

Higher -> Pull more

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5
Q

Define Metabolism

A

Breaking down of molecules for immediate energy

Building molecules for later useage

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6
Q

Define Polar molecule

A

Molecule with negative and positive charge

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7
Q

Endergonic vs Exogonic

A

Endergonic: Absorb energy over time

Exogonic: Releases energy, spontaneous reaction

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8
Q

Enzymes and Catalysts

A

Competitive inhibitors: Block and compete with enzymes
Non-competitive inhibitors: Change function by binding to an enzyme

Cofactors: No protein enzyme helpers
Coenzymes: Are organic cofactors

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9
Q

Fiber: 2 Types

A

Insoluble: Clean up waste, toxins, etc.

Soluble: Create a gel for digestion (mix with water and enzymes)
Fruits, veggies, rice, oats

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10
Q

Glycoprotiens: What and Purpose

A

Protein attached to carbohydrates

  1. Mucus
  2. White Blood Cell regulation
  3. Antibodies
  4. Hormones

(Carbon part helps with communication)

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11
Q

Ion vs Isotope

A

Ion: The number of electrons are changing

Isotope: The number of neutrons are changing

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12
Q

Lipids: Structure and Purpose

A

Monomers: glycerol and fatty acids
Polymers: diglycerides, triglycerides

Non-covalent forces
maintain interaction between lipid monomers

Structure (cell membranes), energy storage, insulation, protection

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13
Q

Main atomic elements of Life (6)

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Hydrogen
  3. Sulfer
  4. Oxygen
  5. Phosphorus
  6. Nitrogen
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14
Q

Nucleic Acid: Structure and Purpose

A

Monomers: Nucleotide Triphosphates
Polymers: DNA/RNA

Storage, transmission, use of gentic info

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15
Q

Properties of Water (5)

A
  1. High specific heat to increase its temperature
  2. High heat for vaporization (water to gas)
  3. Cohesion: Sticks to itself
  4. Adhesion: Sticks to other things
  5. Expands as a solid
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16
Q

Protein: Structure and Purpose

A

Monomers: Amino Acids (20)
Polymers: Polypeptide Chains (4 structure levels)

Energy, transportation, enzymes, movement, antibodies, structure (hair, feathers, cell tissue)

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17
Q

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fat

A

Saturated: Solid at room temperature (Full of / saturated with fat)

Unsaturated: Liquid at room temperature (Double bond that takes out hydrogen)
Transfat - modifies unsaturated fat (Not in nature)

H
|
- C = C - H
|
H

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of Life?

A

Reproduction: Store and replicate information

Metabolism: Convert energy and work

Note: RNA - can catalyze its own replication
- Is shared in living organisms
- Store genetics

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19
Q

What are the structural building blocks of life? (3)

A

Atoms: Protons, neutrons, electrons

Elements: Types of Atoms

Molecules: Groups of atoms with various bonds between (Smallest unit of a chemical compound that can react)

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20
Q

What is a Hydrogen bond?

A

Strong attraction between hydrogen and oxygen (When the hydrogen already has a covalent bond with another oxygen)

Not as strong as an Ionic Bond

H
. /

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21
Q

What is a Hydrogen bond?

A

Strong attraction between hydrogen and oxygen (When the hydrogen already has a covalent bond with another oxygen: ~~~)

Not as strong as an Ionic Bond

H H ~~~O
\ / / \
O H H

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22
Q

What is a polypeptide bond?

A

Amide bond — ⍺ nitrogen atom — carbonyl carbon

23
Q

What is an Amphipathic molecule?

A

Polar and Non-polar

Bonds with water (polar) and others things that are not polar

24
Q

Why is life based on Carbon (3 reasons)?

A
  1. 4 Valence Electrons: Energy to break a bond is stable and reactive
  2. Lots of carbon exists
  3. Light weight and small
25
Q

Cell Theory

A

All Living organisms are made of cells

atoms -> molecules

Molecules = smallest unit that can be broken down

26
Q

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
(Nucleus)

A

Eukaryotic = Nucleus

Prokaryotic = None

27
Q

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
(Membrane)

A

Eukaryotic = Meembrance

Prokaryotic = None

28
Q

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
(DNA)

A

Eukaryotic = Linear shape & non-coding

Prokaryotic = Circular shape, all coding

29
Q

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
(Reproduction)

A

Eukaryotic = Meiosis and mitosis (Meiosis: egg or sperm, haploid cells)

Prokaryotic = Binary Fission (like mitosis but only needs to split itself, doesn’t have a bunch of organelles)

30
Q

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
(Size)

A

Eukaryotic = larger

Prokaryotic = smaller

31
Q

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
(transcription and translation)

A

Eukaryotic = Transcription in Nucleus
Translation in Cytoplasm

Prokaryotic = Transcription and Translation happen simultaneously, free because of no nucleus

Transcription DNA to RNA

Translation: RNA to Protein

32
Q

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
(Cell walls

A

Eukaryotic = Occassionally have cell walls

Prokaryotic = Often have cell walls

33
Q

Membrane Permeability

What is Semi Permeability?

A

Hydrophobic molecules pass with ease (non-polar)

Small molecules also pass through (ex: water is small)

Hydrophilic molecules have a harder time because they stick to the hydrophillic heads (polar)

34
Q

Membrane Permeability

Why does water NEED to pass through?

A

So diffusion is possible

35
Q

Types of Protein (7)

A
  1. Transport
  2. Shuttles
  3. Enzymatic Activity
  4. Signal Transduction
  5. Cell-cell recognition
  6. Attachement/Extra-cellular matrix (ECM)
  7. Intercellular Joining
36
Q

Protein Types: Transport

A

Channels, tube like

37
Q

Protein Types: Shuttles

A

Open and close

38
Q

Protein Types: Enzymatic Activity

A

Facilitate reactions

39
Q

Protein Types: Signal transduction

A

Binding sites that fit chemical messenger shapes

40
Q

Protein Types: Cell-cell recognition

A

Some glyco-proteins serve as ID tags, if wrong ID tag the immune system kicks in

41
Q

Protein Types: Attachment/Extra-cellular matrix

A

Microfilaments (Small tubes/strings/webbing that connects to DNA, also will pull DNA apart during reproduction)

Microfilaments will attach to membrane for shape and stabilization

42
Q

Protein Types: Intercellular Joining

A

Membrane proteins of adjacent cells may work together

43
Q

Diffusion

What are the 3 types?

A

Simple: Easy Pass (high to low)

Facilitated: Need a Protein (high to low)

Active Transport: Need a Protein and extra energy (ATP), low to high concentration (against the grain)

44
Q

Diffusion

What are the 3 Types of Tonicity

A

Hypertonic: Water leaves the cell
Hypotonic: Water goes into cell
Isotonic: Balance concentration

45
Q

Transport (2 types)

A

Exocytosis: Vesicles transport proteins to the outside of a cell

Endocytosis: Particles outside of a cell go inside by binding to receptors on the plasma membrane

46
Q

More details on Exocytosis

A

Inside of a vesicle is exposed to the outside of a cell.

Proteins diffuse to the outside

(Like spinning doors at malls or hotels

47
Q

Bacteria: Reproduction

A

Binary Fission, Asexual, DNA replication and segregation occur at the same time

Mitosis (cloning)
Meiosis - haploid cells
Conjugation - DNA is copied and then sent to another cell

48
Q

Bacteria: Shapes (6)

A
  1. Coccus
  2. Bacillus
  3. Vibrio
  4. Coccobacillus
  5. Spirillum
    6 Spirochete
49
Q

Bacteria: How do they move?

A

Flagellum (tail) or Cilia (hairs)

50
Q

Define Oxidation reactions

A

Lose electrons

51
Q

Define Reduction reactions

A

Gain electrons

52
Q

Photosynthesis Equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + Light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

53
Q

Cellular Respiration Equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Heat and Light

54
Q
A

BIO 130 (5 decks)

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