Exam 1 Flashcards
(47 cards)
1
Q
when did nursing research begin and with who?
A
in the 19th century with florence nightingale
2
Q
characteristics of quantitative research
A
- formal, objective, rigorous, systematic process for generating information
- describes new situations, events, or concepts
- examines relationships between variables
- determines the effectiveness of treatments
3
Q
types of quantitative research
A
- descriptive
- correlational
- quasi-experimental
- experimental
4
Q
descriptive research
A
- exploration and description of phenomena in real-life situations
- helps identify relationships, but no cause and effect
5
Q
correlational research
A
- looks at relationship between two or more variables
- explains what is seen, no cause and effect
6
Q
quasi-experimental research
A
- examines cause and effect relationships
- less control by researcher, but some control
- samples are not random
7
Q
experimental research
A
- controlled manipulation of at least one independent variable
- random assignment of groups
- researcher controls the situation and setting
- looks at cause and effect
8
Q
basic research
A
- pure research
- conducted for the pursuit of knowledge
9
Q
applied research
A
- attempts to solve real problems
- applies findings in the real world on real patients
10
Q
conceptual variable
A
provides a variable or concept with theoretical meaning
11
Q
operational variable
A
how the variable can be measured or used as an intervention implemented in a study
12
Q
steps of the research process
A
- problem
- purpose(s)
- hypothesis
- literature review
- framework
- ethics - human study participant rights
- design
- sampling
- data collection
- statistics
- findings
- dissemination of findings
- EBP
13
Q
difference between reliability and validity
A
- reliability = consistency of the tool
- validity = does the tool measure what it is supposed to?
14
Q
in nursing, what P value do we want?
A
one that is equal to 0.015 or less
15
Q
PICOT
A
Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome
Timing
16
Q
advantages of experimental designs
A
more controlled and increased internal validity
17
Q
internal validity
A
are study findings accurate or are they the result of extraneous variable?
18
Q
external validity
A
concerned with extent to which study findings can be generalized beyond the sample study
19
Q
causality
A
there is a cause and effect relationship between the variables
20
Q
multi-causality
A
a cause and effect relationship between interrelating variables
21
Q
types of hypotheses
A
- associative vs. causal
- simple vs. complex
- nondirectional vs. directional
- null vs. research
22
Q
associative vs. causal hypotheses
A
- associative = relationship between variable (apples and oranges are both fruits)
- causal = cause and effect relationship between variables (reusing needles after sterilizing)
23
Q
simple vs. complex hypotheses
A
- simple = states the relationship (associative or causal) between two variable
- complex - states the relationships (associative or causal) among three or more variables
24
Q
nondirectional vs. directional hypotheses
A
- nondirectional = relationship exists between variables, but hypothesis does not predict nature of relationship
- directional = nature (positive or negative) of interaction between two or more variables is stated
25
null vs. research hypotheses
- null = states there is no difference or relationship between variables; also called statistical hypothesis
- research = states what researcher thinks is true; there is a relationship between two or more variables
26
demographic variables
- contain characteristics of subjects
- age, education, gender, ethnic origin, income, medical diagnosis, geographic location, etc
27
operational definitions
- translating downward to more concrete level
- moves from concept to variable measures
28
in qualitative research, what are the people defined as?
a participant/collegue
29
in quantitative research, what are the people defined as?
a subject
30
five approaches to qualitative research
- phenominological (study a phenomenon)
- grounded theory (creating theories)
- ethnography (culture)
- exploratory-descriptive-qualitative
- historical (data)
31
phenomenological research
- describes experiences as they are lived
- in depth interviews with the participant
32
grounded theory
- purpose is to study a phenomena that contributes to theory development
- useful when little is known on a topic
33
ethnography research
- observes and documents interactions within a culture
- OBSERVATION
34
exploratory-descriptive research
- used to obtain information needed to develop a program or intervention for a specific group
35
historical research
- examine and learn from events of the past
36
how does sample size differ in qualitative studies?
they are usually smaller, can be hand picked to participate, mostly everyone has experienced what the researcher is studying
37
which intervention should be included in research designs that test causality?
carefully developed to provide the most effective treatment possible
38
which element would you expect to see in an experimental study?
manipulation of the independent variable
39
grounded theory is based on what belief?
group life is based on consensus and shared meanings
40
why is bias a serious problem?
it distorts the study findings
41
what research is conducted to generate and refine theory, and is frequently not directly useful in practice?
basic research
42
A nurse researcher was studying the effect of a cardiac rehabilitation program on the heart rate, respiratory rate, and functional status of patients 2 months after a myocardial infarction. The study was conducted in the rehabilitation center where the researcher controlled the consistent implementation of the treatment. What type of setting was used for this study?
partially controlled
43
Which are requirements for an experimental study?
- random sampling
- control group
- control of the intervention
44
What is the major purpose of the National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR)?
provide financial support to nursing research
45
The new nurse researcher is comparing the difference between the rigors of qualitative research and quantitative research. Which components would be included in the rigor for qualitative research?
openness and adherence to the philosophical perspective
46
A nurse researcher conducted a study with Becker’s health belief model as the framework for the study. The researcher failed to provide conceptual definitions for the variables. This is an example of what type of limitation?
theoretical
47
The nurse researcher is conducting a lecture series on how to report research findings. The researcher begins with an overview of the four major parts most often included in a research report. Which of the following would be included in this overview?
introduction, methods, results, discussion
