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Intro to Sociology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is sociology?

A

the scientific study of human interactions and their societies

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2
Q

what is a social science?

A

understanding the social world objectively
-opinions, objective (fair, unbiased)

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3
Q

what is science?

A

systematically with a purpose to make sense of our world

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4
Q

what are the goals of science? (3)

A

explanation: answering whys
generalize: go behind the individual
predict: future

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5
Q

what is the sociological perspective?

A

understanding human behavior by placing it in its broader social context
-“everyone does it”

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6
Q

what is social location?

A

people’s group membership in time and society

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7
Q

what is society?

A

group of people who share a culture and territory

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8
Q

what is sociological imagination?

A

relationship b/w individual experiences and society that shape our actions

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9
Q

what did C. Wright Mill do?

A

-ability to see the general in the specific
-need to understand history of society and the individual
-intersection of biography, history, and society

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10
Q

what are personal “troubles”?

A

private matters involving individual’s personal characteristics
-relatively narrow scope

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11
Q

what are public “issues”?

A

go beyond the lives of individual
-broader scope
-social causes and social outcomes

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12
Q

what are the three things that lead to the development of sociology?

A

-social upheaval
-expansion of imperialism
-success of natural sciences

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13
Q

what is social upheaval?

A

shifting from agriculture to industrial
-poor working conditions, child labor, etc.
-every aspect of life changed

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14
Q

what was the expansion of imperialism?

A

geological expansion of a nation and their resources
-people sent to other countries
-observation of other cultures and how they function

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15
Q

what was the success of natural sciences?

A

getting answers from our world using science
-physics, chemistry, etc.

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16
Q

what is Positivism?

A

scientific method to the social world

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17
Q

what is August Cornte do?

A

-FRENCH
-observed social order and social change
-used science
-LOGOs (study of being together)
-create sociolgie (never researched)

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18
Q

what did Karl Marx do?

A

-GERMAN
-social arguments/conflicts
-how it effects the economy
-wanted to get rid of the bourgeoisie
-contributed to Conflict Theory

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19
Q

what did Herbert Spencer do?

A

-ENGLISH
-societies operate on fixed laws
-societies evolve and change
-social Darwinism

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20
Q

who created the first sociology textbook

A

Herbert Spencer

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21
Q

what are 3 tendencies shared by societies and organisms?

A

-growth in size
-high complexity of structure
-differentiation of function

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22
Q

what did Emile Durkheim do?

A

-FRENCH
-first to do a sociology study
-focused on religion
-worked with Spencer to create Functionalism

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23
Q

what is social integration?

A

how people are connected to their social group

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24
Q

what did Max Weber do?

A

-GERMAN
-clarified the works of Marx and Durkheim
-focused on constant social change
-interested in religion
-contributed to symbolic interactionism
-created Verstehen

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25
what is Verstehen?
empathetic understanding -to make sense -not making assumptions -get info from those experiencing it
26
what is subjective meaning?
how people interpret their own behaviors
27
what did Harriet Martineau do?
-BRITISH -analyzed social life around the world -hid her note (she was a woman) -wrote "society in america" -know for translating Compte
28
what did Jane Adams do?
-AMERICAN -traveled to Europe -looked at poverty and social justice -co-winner of 1921 Nobel Peace Prize -wanted to bridge the gap b/w rich and poor
29
what did WEB DuBois do?
-AMERICAN -first african american researcher in sociology -looked into social justice and racism -wrote over 2,000 pieces -founded NAACP -
30
what is a theory?
framework of how we make sense of our world through distinct observations
31
what is a paradigm?
general framework of looking at life
32
what are the three main theories of sociology?
-functionalism -conflict theory -symbolic interactionism
33
what is functionalism?
life works like a set of parts that work together -smooth functioning of society -parts operate together and when in harmony, so it society
34
criticisms to functionalism
-can't account for change -conservative bias (never wanting to change)
35
what is a teleological argument?
-philosophical: everything has a purpose -scientific: cause and effect
36
what is the conflict theory?
-society is always changing -response to social inequality -how do those in power, stay in power
37
criticisms to conflict theory
-doesn't account for stability -emphasis on economic sources
38
what is symbolic interactionism?
focus on individuals and how we make sense of our world -definitions and meanings in human interaction
39
criticisms to symbolic interactionism
too much focus on individual and doesn't account for society
40
what is macro level analysis?
large-scale as a whole -big picture
41
which theories are macro level analysis?
functionalism and conflict theory
42
what is micro level analysis?
small-scale -specific things
43
which theories are micro level analysis?
symbolic interactionism
44
the 8 steps of research
1. select a topic 2. define the problem or purpose 3. review previous research 4. develop a hypothesis 5. determine the research design 6. define the sample and collect data 7. analyze results and draw conclusions 8. share the research results
45
what are empirical questions?
answered by observing the world -NOT faith, value
46
what are operational definitions?
explanation of observable features
47
what is a hypothesis?
a testable statement b/w 2+ variables and the expected relationship
48
what is a variable?
something that changes or is different from case to case
49
what is an independent variable?
changes that have nothing to do with dependent variable -cause/influencing factor
50
what is a dependent variable?
changes in response to the independent variable -the effect
51
what is causality?
one variable influences/alters another variable
52
what is correlation?
relationship b/w variables, but not the cause of eachother
53
all _1_ relationships are _2_ but _3_ are NOT _4_
1. casual 2. correlated 3. correlations 4. causal
54
what do surveys test?
-attitude and beliefs -able to test a lg. group of people
55
what are surveys bad at testing?
behaviors
56
what do observations test?
behavior
57
what are observations bad at testing?
attitudes
58
what do experiments test?
relationship b/w variables
59
what is a population?
specific group/category of interest for a study
60
what is a sample?
particular subset of a population
61
what is validity?
extent to which ones study actually tests what it was designed for
62
what is reliability?
study can be reproduced and have consistent results -does NOT mean accurate
63
what is culture?
what humans -learn to do -use -produce -know -believe -behave in a social group
64
what is material culture?
things we can touch (objects)
65
what is nonmaterial culture?
thinking, doing, knowledge, memories
66
what is ethnocentrism?
judging someone else's culture based on your own beliefs
67
what is culture relativism?
understanding people by the standards of their own culture
68
what is culture shock?
in a situation where your normal day-to-day life is very different in a different culture
69
what are the 9 elements of culture?
1. symbols 2. language 3. gestures 4. values 5. norms 6. sanctions 7. folkways 8. mores 9. taboo
70
what are sanctions?
reward and punishment for upholding and violating norms -informal (+) -informal (-) -formal (+) -formal (-)
71
what are folkways?
norms not strictly enforced (casual clothes for class)
72
what are mores?
norms strictly enforced to maintain values
73
what is taboo?
norms so strong, when violated it is repulsed -incest, catabolism
74
what is a cultural log?
one aspect of culture changes faster than other aspects -material culture
75
what is innovation?
new practice/tool that is widely accepted
76
what is diffusion?
different cultures blending together
77
what is culture capital?
knowledge, skills, ideas, behaviors that serve as a form of wealth
78
types of culture capital?
-institutionalized -embodied -objectified
79
what are examples of institutionalized?
qualifications, honors, awards, titles
80
what are examples of embodied?
knowledge, language, beliefs, tastes, style, habits
81
what are examples of objectified?
possessions, property
82
what is social class reproduction?
the way class status is passed on from generation to generation
83
what is the flow of culture change?
culture capital -> academic achievement -> economic capital -> class reproduction

Intro to Sociology (3 decks)

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