Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What statement describes a cell?
A
The smallest unit that can be called life
2
Q
Rank the following levels of biological organization from smallest to largest
A
Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ
3
Q
A leaf is composed of several tissues organized to work together and is a(n) ______ of a plant.
A
Organ
4
Q
What term refers to all parts of the planet that can support life?
A
Biosphere
5
Q
What are the small chemical units that can combine to form molecules?
A
Atoms
6
Q
What is the basic unit of life and consists of a membrane enclosing water, DNA, and other chemicals?
A
cells
7
Q
Atoms can bond together to form
A
Molecules/Compounds
8
Q
Compartments within cells that carry out specific functions are called
A
organelles
9
Q
What is a structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carry out specific functions?
A
an organ
10
Q
______ are groups of specialized cells that function together.
A
Tissues
11
Q
A level of biological organization called the ____. Includes all parts of Earth and its atmosphere where life can survive.
A
The biosphere
12
Q
An organ _____ is composed of several organs that are connected and working together.
A
organ system
13
Q
Particles that make up molecules are called
A
Atoms
14
Q
What term refers to members of the same species living in the same place at the same time?
A
Population
15
Q
What is a group of joined atoms, such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?
A
Molecule
16
Q
Organisms that make their own food by obtaining energy and nutrients from nonliving sources are called
A
producers
17
Q
What are membrane-bounded compartments within eukaryotic cells that carry out specialized functions?
A
organelles
18
Q
What describes the state of internal constancy maintained by an organism?
A
Homeostasis
19
Q
In the hierarchical organization of life, tissues are a collection of specialized ______ functioning in a coordinated way.
A
cells
20
Q
What type of reproduction passes genetic information from only one parent to the offspring?
A
A-sexual
21
Q
Multiple organs are linked together into _____
A
organ systems
22
Q
Consider a species of frog that lives in many ponds throughout central California. A group of the frogs in one of the ponds, NOT including the other species of organisms living there, is an example of a(n)
A
population
23
Q
in ____ reproduction, offspring are produced that contain a combination of genetic material from two parents.
A
sexual
24
Q
A(n) ______ is an inherited characteristic or behavior which enables an individual to survive better than without the inherited characteristic.
A
Adaptation
25
Using a process called ______, living organisms maintain a state of internal constancy or equilibrium, such as a constant range of temperatures, nutrients, or water.
Homeostasis
26
List all of the characteristics of natural selection.
It favors adaptations to the current environment.
Genetic variability in organisms is required.
27
Production of runners, spores, and clones that bud from a parent are all examples of
A-sexual
28
In a new environment, what types of organisms will survive under the force of natural selection?
organisms with the highest reproductive success
29
Natural selection is a mechanism of ______ that selects for adaptations.
evolution
30
______ reproduction increases genetic diversity and is extremely common in animals.
sexual
31
what is evolution
changes in genetic makeup of a population over multiple generations
32
Flowers shaped for their pollinators, specific camouflaged color patterns of animals, and a beaver's enormous front teeth for gnawing are all examples of
adaptation
33
What is taxonomy?
The science of naming and classifying organisms
34
Natural _____ is a mechanism of evolution in which certain individuals from a population exhibit enhanced reproductive success based on inherited characteristics.
selection
35
The traits of individuals that have higher reproductive success in a particular environment become more common within a population due to
Natural selection
36
In the scientific name Homo sapiens, the word Homo is the ______ of the organism and the word sapiens is the ______.
genus; species descriptor
37
True or false: Natural selection is a mechanism of evolution.
true
38
The change in genes of a population over multiple generations can also be referred to as
evolution
39
What is the science of naming and classifying organisms?
taxonymy
40
What is the basic unit of classification and is denoted by a unique two-part scientific name?
species
41
Biologists ask questions about
the natural world and living things
42
Natural selection is a mechanism of ______ that selects for adaptations.
evolution
43
Biologists begin a study by asking questions and
making observations
44
A tentative and testable explanation for an observation is called a ______ and is an essential early step of a scientific study.
hypothesis
45
If the results of a preliminary experiment support the hypothesis, then the scientists ____.
will not reject the hypothesis.
46
What uses evidence and experiments to test ideas and answer questions?
The scientific method
47
In the scientific method, a(n) ______ is an investigation carried out under controlled conditions to test a hypothesis.
experiment
48
In the scientific method, the first step is
observations and questions
49
In an experiment, the treatment manipulated by a scientist is called the ______ variable, and the response to the treatment measure by the scientist is called the ______ variable.
Independent, dependent
50
The data and results of an experiment may support or reject a(n)
Hypothesis
51
In an experiment, the response that an investigator measures and the treatment that an investigator manipulates are examples of
variables
52
List all of the qualities of a valid hypothesis.
It must be testable.
It can be rejected.
53
Hypotheses are often tested with an investigation called a(n)
experiment
54
The group in an experiment that is untreated and provides a basis for comparison is called the
control group
55
A ______ is an inert substance given to a portion of the experimental group to act as a control.
placebo
56
The variable of an experiment is
a changeable element of an experiment.
57
In science, a theory is a broad explanation for a natural phenomenon that is
widely accepted
58
Which of the following describes a control group?
a group that receives a placebo or no treatment
59
In a scientific experiment, a placebo is
an inert treatment given to the control group.
60
List all of the following that can be limitations to scientific studies.
biases of scientists
misinterpretations of results
reluctance to accept unexpected conclusions
61
all of the characteristics of variables in an experiment.
can be changed by the investigator
can be the response that is measured
62
Because science is ______, theories can change to accommodate new ideas and discoveries.
open to new information
63
One limitation of scientific experiments is that the results can be ______ when an incorrect explanation of the results is proposed.
Misinterpreted
64
Darwin and Wallace used the theory of ______ to hypothesize that a very long-tongued insect must exist that can pollinate flowers of the Angraecum sesquipedale on Madagascar.
evolution
65
List all of the past scientific conclusions that were later revised due to technological inventions and new data analysis methods.
The Earth is flat.
All organisms are either plants or animals.
The Earth is the center of the universe.
66
List all of the following that are characteristics of a scientific theory.
can be used to make predictions
encompass multiple hypotheses
supported by a large body of evidence
falsifiable
67
Both Darwin and Wallace predicted that because a species of orchid on Madagascar had unusually deep nectar tubes, there must be
an insect pollinator with a long tongue to reach the nectar.
68
A(n) ______ is an explanation for a natural phenomenon that has been well tested and ties together many hypotheses.
Theory
69
Both Darwin and Wallace predicted that because a species of orchid on Madagascar had unusually deep nectar tubes, there must be
an insect pollinator with a long tongue to reach the nectar.
70
A(n) ______ is an explanation for a natural phenomenon that has been well tested and ties together many hypotheses.
Theory
71
What process favors survival of specific individuals within a population based on inherited characteristics?
Natural selection
72
The change in genes of a population over multiple generations can also be referred to as
Evolution
73
what are organs made up of
tissue
74
List all of the statements that are true about asexual reproduction.
Genetic information comes from only one parent.
Offspring are virtually identical to each other.
75
Each type of organism is assigned a unique, two-part scientific name, which consists of the ______ of the organism.
genus and specific descriptor
76
In ecosystems, organisms that eat other organisms are called consumers, or
heterothrophs
77
What is the basic unit of classification and is denoted by a unique two-part scientific name?
a species
78
In ecosystems, organisms that eat other organisms are called consumers, or
heterothrophs
79
What is the basic unit of classification and is denoted by a unique two-part scientific name?
a species
80
Anything that takes up space is defined as
Matter
81
What is a pure substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into other substances?
Element
82
What is a single unit of an element?
atom
83
If two atoms have the same atomic number, they are of the same
element
84
When two or more atoms are chemically joined they form a
molecule
85
Paper, water, computers, and you are all forms of ______ because each of these items takes up space.
matter
86
An electron ______ is an area around the nucleus of an atom where an electron is likely to be found.
orbital
87
what is an element
A pure chemical substance that cannot be further broken down
88
A type of chemical bond called a _____bond forms between atoms when one atom releases a valence electron to become a cation, and the other atom uses this electron to complete its own valence shell and becomes an anion.
Ionic
89
what is the smallest unit of an element that retains the characteristics of the element.
atom
90
what bond occurs within a molecule when two atoms in a molecule share electrons, such as carbon and hydrogen in the methane molecule pictured.
covalent
91
Atoms of the same element have the same number of
protons
92
What describes a hydrogen bond?
Atoms with opposite partial charges attract each other.
93
Molecules consist of two or more chemically linked ____ which are the smallest "pieces" or units of elements.
atoms
94
What substance regulates temperature, dissolves many chemicals, and has cohesive and adhesive properties?
water
95
In an atom, each individual electron orbital (not energy level) may contain up to _____ electrons.
two
96
What type of bond is formed from the attraction of two ions with opposite charges?
Ionic
97
What type of bond forms between opposite partial charges on adjacent molecules or within a large molecule?
hydrogen
98
List all of the reasons why water is essential to life
It plays a role in many chemical reactions.
It regulates temperature.
It dissolves a wide variety of substances.
99
The property of water that produces water's surface tension is called _____ which is the tendency of water molecules to stick together.
cohesion
100
An electron orbital is ____
a region where an electron is likely to be located.
101
The fact that water is often the solvent in a solution demonstrates that water can
dissolve a variety of substances
102
Living organisms require a large temperature stimulus before the body temperature changes because the ______ bonds of water counteract molecular movement.
hydrogen
103
Cohesion is the tendency of water molecules to ____
stick together
104
Water expands as it freezes because the hydrogen bonds in ice
are stable and "lock" molecules into a more widely-space array.
105
why does salt dissolve in water
Polar water molecules surround Na+ and Cl- ions.
106
True or False, Atoms are created and destroyed in chemical reactions.
False
107
True or false: The presence of hydrogen bonds between adjacent water molecules increases the amount of energy required to raise water's temperature.
true
108
A hydrogen ion (H+) has only one subatomic particle, a(n) ______.
proton
109
What type of bond involves two atoms sharing electrons which travel around both nuclei?
covalent
110
Buffer systems contain weak acids and bases and help solutions resist changes in
pH
111
Ice cubes float in a glass of water because ice is less ____ than liquid water
dense
112
What type of molecules are found in living things and contain both carbon and hydrogen?
organic
113
When the bonds of two or more molecules are broken and new ones formed, this is called
chemical Reaction
114
What ion dissolved in water is critical to the function of molecules and is called a proton?
H+
115
Polymers, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, consist of small subunits called
monomers
116
What is an organic molecule with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 proportion?
carbohydrates
117
Pairs of weak acids and bases that resist change in pH are called
buffers
118
One subunit of an organic molecule is called a
monomer
119
What type of organic molecule is composed of monomers called amino acids?
protein
120
One subunit of an organic molecule is called a
monomer
121
Carbohydrates are macromolecules that include
sugars
122
A peptide bond is a type of ______ bond between amino acids.
covalent
123
Buffer systems contain weak acids and bases and help solutions resist changes in
pH
124
A protein is an organic molecule with diverse functions and is composed of monomers called
amino acids
125
The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain forms the ______ structure of a protein.
primary
126
The ______ structure of proteins involves the folding of the polypeptide chain into beta-sheets and alpha-helix coils due to hydrogen bonding.
secondary
127
A special type of covalent bond called a(n) ______ bond is formed between two amino acids through dehydration synthesis.
peptide
128
The ______ structure of a polypeptide is its overall shape and is formed through the interaction between R groups and water.
tertiary
129
Once a polypeptide or multiple polypeptides are folded into a functional shape, they are referred to as a
protein
130
Nucleotides are the monomers of polymers called
deoxyribonucleic
131
what includes triglycerides (fats), waxes, and steroids, are organic molecules that contain many nonpolar carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds, making them hydrophobic.
lipids
132
Phospholipids that form cell membranes, steroids that act as vitamins and hormones, waxes that prevent water loss or water saturation, and triglycerides (fats) that act as energy reserves are all types of _______
lipids
133
Long chains of amino acids (100 or more) linked through dehydration synthesis form a molecule called a
polypeptide
134
all of the following that are components of lipids called triglycerides.
glycerol and fatty acids
135
What type of polymer is made up of many nucleotides?
nucleic acids
136
What group of organic molecules does not dissolve in water and does not consist of long chains of monomers?
lipids
137
Animal fats are ______ at room temperature and are called ______, while plant-derived lipids are ______ at room temperature and are called unsaturated fats.
solids, saturated fats, liquids
138
The ______ structure of proteins involves the folding of the polypeptide chain into beta-sheets and alpha-helix coils due to hydrogen bonding.
secondary
139
Animal fats are
saturated fats
140
list all of the following that are types of lipids.
waxes
triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
141
a group of lipids, are more commonly known as fats and are composed of fatty acids bonded to a glycerol.
triglycerides
142
triglycerides such as bacon fat and butter contain _____ fatty acids, in which single bonds connect all the carbons; however, triglycerides such as olive oil and vegetable oil contain _____ fatty acids, in which there is at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
saturated, unsaturated
143
Many fungi, plants, bacteria, and animals produce toxic chemicals to _____
ward off potential competitors or predators.
144
What type of triglyceride contains the maximum number of hydrogens in its fatty acids because the carbons are all connected by single bonds?
saturated
145
List the three components of the cell theory devised in the mid-1800s.
All organisms are made of one or more cells.
All cells originate from preexisting cells.
The cell is the fundamental unit of all life.
146
What did Robert Hooke call the little units he observed when he viewed cork under lenses of glass?
cells
147
Select the three components of the cell theory devised in the mid-1800s.
All organisms are made of one or more cells.
All cells originate from preexisting cells.
The cell is the fundamental unit of all life.
148
The ______ microscope is ideal for viewing living cells that are between 200 nanometers and 1 millimeter in size.
The ______ microscope is ideal for viewing living cells that are between 200 nanometers and 1 millimeter in size.
149
All cells have a cell ______ that surrounds the cytoplasm and forms a boundary between the cell and its environment
membrane
150
Whether bacterium or blue whale, every organism is made of
cells
151
______ cells are the simplest forms of life and lack a nucleus.
prokaryotic
152
What English physicist first observed the outlines of cells when he looked at cork from an oak tree?
Robert Hooke
153
List all of the following that are present in bacterial cells.
ribosomes
DNA
cytoplasm
enzymes
154
What type of microscope passes light through a transparent or thinly sliced specimen to generate true-color views of cells?
light microscope
155
Key genetic sequences suggest that archaea are more closely related to members of domain ______ than they are to members of Domain Bacteria.
Eukarya
156
list all of the following that are present in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
ribosomes
RNA
cytoplasm
DNA
157
List all of the following that are true about prokaryotes.
simplest types of life
lack a nucleus
most ancient forms of life on Earth
158
All cells are surrounded by cell membranes, also called plasma membranes, that separate the cytoplasm from the
outside environment
159
List all of the following that differ between domains Bacteria and Archaea.
molecules that compose the cell membranes
evolutionary relationship to eukaryotes
chemical composition of flagella
160
In cell membranes, what part of a phospholipid molecule is oriented toward the outside of the bilayer?
phosphate head
161
In cell membranes, the phospholipids are arranged into a
phospholipid bilayer
162
The cell membrane can be described as a(n)
mosaic because many of the diverse components can move freely within the cell membrane.
fluid
163
What component of cell membranes functions in a diversity of roles, including recognition, transport, adhesion, and facilitating reactions?
proteins
164
The internal membranes of several organelles are interconnected and form the ______ system of a eukaryotic cell.
endomembrane
165
Why are ions and polar molecules unable to pass directly through a cell membrane?
The interior of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic.
166
The internal membranes of several organelles are interconnected and form the ______ system of a eukaryotic cell.
endomembrane
167
The ______ produced in the nucleus enters the cytoplasm and binds to ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis.
mRNA
168
The endoplasmic ______ is a network of membranes originating at the nuclear envelope and winding through the cell.
reticulum
169
The nucleolus is a dense spot in the nucleus where components of ______ are assembled.
ribosomes
170
Proteins to be secreted outside of a eukaryotic cell are formed at ribosomes on the surface of the ______ endoplasmic reticulum.
rough
171
What cell structure binds to mRNA coming from the nucleus and manufactures proteins?
ribosomes
172
Lipids, detoxifying enzymes, and membrane components are produced and stored in the _____ reticulum
smooth
173
What is a network of sacs and tubules extending off the nuclear envelope and is where proteins and lipids are produced?
endoplasmic reticulum
174
The ______ is a series of flattened sacs that sorts and packages materials into vesicles to be sent to the cell membrane.
Goli Apperatus
175
Lipids called ______, which include cholesterol, are membrane components that aid in membrane fluidity.
steroids
176
Organelles called lysosomes contain ______ that break down food particles, old organelles, and other cellular debris.
enzymes
177
What plant cell organelle can occupy up to 90% of the cell volume and can exert turgor pressure against the cell membrane when it acquires water?
central Vacuule
178
What eukaryotic organelle is shown in the picture and functions in the production of cellular energy by cellular respiration?
Mitochondrion
179
What organelle of the endomembrane system breaks down debris, food, and old cell parts with special dismantling enzymes?
lysosome
180
What plant organelle is shown in the image and contains photosynthetic pigments?
chloroplast
181
Plant cells have large central ______ where water, salts, and sugars are stored and where materials are broken down and recycled with enzymes similar to lysosomes in animal cells.
vaccule
182
What is the network of protein fibers and tubules inside the cell that provides support and aids in cell division and movement?
cutoskeleton
183
What is the function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
Extract energy from foodq
184
In eukaryotic cells, what is the function of chloroplasts?
carry out photosynthesis
185
Cytoskeletal components called ______ are long, thin rods of actin protein that are used in muscle contractions, stretching and compression, and anchoring of cells.
microfilaments
186
List all of the following that describe tight junctions.
membrane proteins connect to actin in the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells
Join adjacent cells into sheets
create the "blood–brain barrier"
187
Short, numerous, hairlike structures that surround some cells like a fringe, are powered by microtubules, and have coordinated movements are called
cilia
188
Tunnels called ______ occur in the cell walls of two adjacent plant cells and allow the cells to communicate and exchange materials with each other.
plasmodesmata
189
Magnetosomes are adaptive because they allow bacteria to save energy as they move toward an optimal
O2 concentration
190
List all of the following that are present at the connection between normal cells of multicellular organisms.
ways that cells can communicate with each other
a way for cells to adhere to one another
191
In animal cells, cell junctions called ______ junctions form barriers between cells that prevent leaking of fluids and water-soluble molecules.
tight
192
Water, nutrients, hormones, and some organelles flow between adjacent plant cells through special channels in the cell wall called
plasmodesmata
193
As described in this chapter's Investigating Life essay, some bacteria contain magnetosomes, which allow bacteria to
align with earths magnetic field
194
Define Metabolism
Collection of all chemical reactions in a cell
195
Anabolic Reaction-
Building reaction
196
Catabolic reaction-
tearing down reactions
197
facts about enzymes
contain proteins, have a 3D shape, very specific, and lowers activation energy, physical contact with substrate
198
When is an enzyme saturated?
when the enzyme activity is level
