Exam 1

Question 1

The outer layer of the embryo is produced by which primary germ layer?

Answer 1

Ectoderm

Question 2

The posterior region of the drosophila oocyte contains relatively high levels of which active protein?

Answer 2

The Caudal an Manos Gene (codes for Homeodomain Transcription Factor) develop posterior while Bicoid and Hunchback Gene develop anterior

Question 3

If the surface tension of (B) is stronger than (a) cells will likely segregate as in:

Answer 3

If there is more surface tension in b, the cells will migrate more centrally towards b or go towards the middle.

Question 4

Mutations affecting myostatin gene lead to

Answer 4

The muscle hypertrophy/hyperplasia is a rare genetic condition that reduces body fat and increases skeletal muscle size. If muscles stop dividing then it is an example of a gene having defective splicing.

Question 5

Pioneer Transcription Factors

Answer 5

1. Binds to condensed chromatins (heterochromatin)
2. Open DNA
3. Repress Chromatin and bind to DNA
4. Recruits transcription factors and histones modifying enzymes that induce specific cell lineage
5. Initiate regulatory events

Question 6

Mutations affecting a splicing site can lead to:

Answer 6

1. Developmental phenotypes, abnormalities, diseases and cell death
2. They can have deletions that are needed to correct disruption in reading frames

Question 7

True or false: Eukaryotic genes expressed in specific cell types are regulated by enhancer sequences that influence gene transcription in both time and space.

Answer 7

True, it tells the location and when gene expression occurs. Enhancers recruit transcription factors to start transcription after they have banded to promoter

Question 8

Cadherins function via direct binding between cadherin molecules on one cell and

Answer 8

This is cell to cell adhesion

Question 9

RNA transcripts are translated into an active protein after

Answer 9

Fertilization and post transcriptional regulation

Question 10

The mediator complex

Answer 10

Aids in forming the transcription pre-initation complex. Subunit assembly is needed to regulate expression of RNA Polymerase II transcripts. Chromatin DNA that coils around nucleosome will bind and stabilize RNA Polymerase II and cofactors

Question 11

Quail cells differ from chick cells for:

Answer 11

Quail eggs look different because they have heterochromatin that is concentrated around the nucleoli.
They put some quail embryos in a duck embryo and were able to trace the DNA.

Question 12

Gene activation can result from

Answer 12

Transcription factors that bind to enhancers and promoters.
Enhancer will recruit the factors to start transcription.
Factor will bind to promoter, where RNA Polymerase II binds and they form the transcription complex.

Question 13

Enhancers can

Answer 13

1. Recruits transcription factors to start transcription
2. Intensify the level
3. Interacts with distal promoters
4. Active genes on same chromosome
5. Binds to different specific Transcription Factors

Question 14

Transcription factors can

Answer 14

1. Determine Cell Specific gene expression
2. Silencers (repressors) will prevent transcription
3. Promote transcriptions by binding to the promoter
4. Master TF controls batteries of functional related genes (Ex: AB on all genes)
5. Control on/off genes

Question 15

Catherine can have a cytoplasmic region that binds directly to:

Answer 15

The actin cytoskeleton of a cell

Question 16

Which nuclease is commonly found in transcriptionally repressed genes?

Answer 16

The 5th base
Modification of cytosine after DNA replication, cytosine is converted 5 methyl cytosine and blocks transcription

Question 17

Tissue specific expression of genes can be controlled

Answer 17

Differential gene expression
By Enhancer regions of genes expressed cell types. Cell Differentiations leads to stem cells. Cells have specific features necessary for function. Specification is multistep process. Speciation that determination then differentiation. Is specification there’s still a possibility for change, but once determined it won’t change.

Question 18

Which of the following processes is utilized for modulation of gene expression?

Answer 18

A modular transcriptional regulatory region is Pax6 as an activator of distinct gene. It needs specific transcription factors to happen. It has enhancer elements to express genes. They can be in different regions, with different enhancers.
Med 26, initiates the elongation complex.

Question 19

miRNA can

Answer 19

Prevent translation during post transcription. Specific genes encode miRNA and can silence certain RNA that wants to be translated.

Question 20

methylated DNA

Question 21

In-situ hybridization and immune labelling using antibodies are techniques respectively used to label mRNA and proteins. Which of the following statements is true?

Question 22

Which of the following concepts is true (somatic cells and genome…)?

Question 23

Chromatin Immuno-Precipitation Sequencing (ChiP-Seq) is

Question 24

A mouse cloned from nuclei derived from a B or T lymphocyte will

Question 25

In cell dissociation and re-aggreation experiments the relative position of cells depends upon

Question 26

MI430 in Zebrafish

Question 27

Different combination of transcription factors can induce cells to acquire different fates

Question 28

Which of the following cellular events is crucial for bat wing formation

Question 29

Genomic imprinting is the phenomenon by which

Question 30

SPlice variants of the Drosophila DsCam

Question 31

How many types of histone proteins are in a condensed nucleosome?

Question 32

Chimeric quail-chicken animals are generated to

Question 33

Methylation of histones occurs on the amino acid

Question 34

Methylation of histone H3 can result in

Question 35

Developmental abnormalities can result fro exposure to exogenous agents including

Question 36

Which process is utilized during tissue morphogenesis

Question 37

The DNA methylation pattern in the zygote becomes modified during the processof differentiation

Question 38

Which one of the listed proteins has a role in keeping chromatin condensed?

Question 39

Whittaker experiment on tunicates proved that

Question 40

Highest transcriptome similarities among vertebrate occur during.

Question 41

A syndrome is

Question 42

Which of the following characteristics makes the frog a good animal model for the study of development?

Question 43

Degradation of mRNA molecules

Question 44

Non uniform mRNA distribution within a cell can result from

Question 45

c-Kit mutations lead to

Question 46

Maternal mRNA in the developing Zebrafish is cleared as a the result of

Question 47

Homologous structures

Question 48

To de-differentiate somatic cells into a pluripotent stem cell

Question 49

Which of the following sentences better defines what ribosomal selectivity is?

Question 50

Reprogramming of somatic cells can be

Question 51

Casein mRNA stability

Question 52

Micro RNA inhibit translation by

Question 53

Futile cycle mutants fail to go through pronuclear fusion

Question 54

Autonomous specification

Question 55

Autonomous

Answer 55

Inherited determinants

Question 56

Conditional

Answer 56

Conditions/interactions with other cells effects development. Morphogens, molecules that trigger activation of different cell types based on concentrations.

Question 57

Synacytial

Answer 57

Nuclei divides, there are factors in the cytoplasm that triggers differential, distinct gene expression based on its position in the blastoderm, anterior-posterior axis.

Question 58

Molarity

Answer 58

Genes in a different part of the body have different enhancers and same DNA but read differently

Question 59

2 ways to inhibits translation

Answer 59

1. Degrading RNA occurs if the seed complement is perfect. 2. Block transcription occurs if the seed complement is imperfect.