exam 1

Question 1

branch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms

Answer 1

physiology

Question 2

view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn

Answer 2

nativism

Question 3

nativist who believed that certain kinds of knowledge are innate

Answer 3

Plato

Question 4

view that all knowledge is acquired through experience

Answer 4

philosophical empiricism

Question 5

believed that the mind is a blank slate (tabula rasa)

Answer 5

aristotle

Question 6

today, the focus on interaction of environment and genetics

Answer 6

nature vs nurture

Question 7

french philosopher who argued for dualism of body and mind (physical body was a container for the nonphysical thing called the mind)

Answer 7

Rene Descartes

Question 8

argued against Descartes; said the mind is what the brain does

Answer 8

Thomas Hobbes

Question 9

mind and body connection understood by studying sensation; one of the founders of physiological psychology

Answer 9

Fechner

Question 10

who studied human reaction time; estimated the length of nerve impulse

Answer 10

Hermann von Helmholtz

Question 11

founder of psychology, first psychology lab, psychology: the study of consciousness and the science of “mental life”, focused on the study of the purpose of thought processes, feelings and behaviors, and introspection

Answer 11

wilhelm wundt

Question 12

subjective observation of one’s own experience

Answer 12

introspection

Question 13

student of wundt, professor at Cornell, developed an approach called structuralism, focused on basic sensory and perceptual processes, criticized for relying on introspection-subjective

Answer 13

edward titchener

Question 14

involving introspection and studying basic components of conscious experiences (Titchener)

Answer 14

structuralism

Question 15

started psychology at Harvard in 1870s, opposed Wundt and Titchener’s approach, his ideas shaped functionalism, influenced by Darwin, saw the consciousness as an ever changing stream of thoughts to help us adapt

Answer 15

William James

Question 16

the importance of how behavior and consciousness functions to allow people and animals to adapt to their environments

Answer 16

functionalism

Question 17

austrian physicist, challenge to structuralism and functionalism, started the school of thought of psychoanalysis, behavior and personality influenced by unconscious conflicts, emphasized sexual and aggressive nature of unconscious processes, powerful influence on later psychology theories

Answer 17

sigmund freud

Question 18

personality theory and form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of unconscious factors in personality and behavior

Answer 18

psychoanalysis

Question 19

school of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning

Answer 19

behaviorism

Question 20

behaviorism started with the work of him, a russian physiologist, demonstrated that dogs could learn to associate a neutral stimulus with an automatic behavior

Answer 20

ivan pavlov

Question 21

promoted behaviorism in the U.S in 1913, the goal of behaviorists was to discover the fundamental principles of learning–how behavior is acquired and modified in response to environmental influences

Answer 21

john watson

Question 22

believed that psychology should restrict itself to studying outwardly observable behaviors that could be measured and verified in compelling experimental demonstrations (used rats and pigeons as his subjects)

Answer 22

B.F Skinner

Question 23

emphasizes each person’s unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction

Answer 23

humanistic

Question 24

founded humanistic approach, emphasized a person’s conscious experiences, unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction, self-determination, free will, and the importance of choice in human behavior

Answer 24

carl rogers

Question 25

his theory of motivation emphasized the importance of psychological growth (humanistic)

Answer 25

abraham maslow

Question 26

behavior is driven by cognitive processes

Answer 26

cognitive

Question 27

humans have evolved characteristics that promote survival and adaptation to the environment

Answer 27

evolutionary

Question 28

behavior and mental processes arise from physiological ativity

Answer 28

biological

Question 29

other people, as well as the broader cultural context, influence behavior and mental processes

Answer 29

sociocultural

Question 30

behavior and mental processes are shaped by an interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

Answer 30

biopsychosocial

Question 31

verifiable evidence that is based upon objective observation, measurement, and/or experimentation

Answer 31

empirical evidence

Question 32

tentative statement about the relationship between two+ variables; testable prediction or question

Answer 32

hypothesis

Question 33

factor that can vary or chance, in ways that can be observed, measured, and verified.

Answer 33

variable

Question 34

precise description of how variables in a study will be manipulated or measured

Answer 34

operational definition

Question 35

a branch of mathematics used by researchers to organize, summarize, and interpret data

Answer 35

statistics

Question 36

statistical technique that involves combining and analyzing the results of many research studies on a specific topic in order to identify overall trends.

Answer 36

meta-analysis

Question 37

tentative explanation that tries to integrate and account for the relationship of various findings and observations

Answer 37

theory

Question 38

scientific procedures that involve systematically observing behavior in order to describe the relationship among behaviors and events

Answer 38

descriptive research methods

Question 39

research strategy that allows the precise calculation of how strongly related two factors are to each other

Answer 39

correlational study

Question 40

numerical indication of magnitude and direction of the relationships between two variables

Answer 40

correlational coefficient

Question 41

a factor or variable other than the ones being studied that if not controlled could affect the outcome of an experiment (also called a confounding variable)

Answer 41

extraneous variable

Question 42

a source of bias : change in dependent variable produced by subject's expectancy that change should happen

Answer 42

expectancy effects

Question 43

source of bias: subtle cues or signals by the researcher that communicate the type of responses that are expected

Answer 43

demand characteristics

Question 44

measures of position: where particular data values fall in relation to other values in a set

Answer 44

percentiles

Question 45

the probability that the findings of a study were due to chance

Answer 45

statistical significance

Question 46

brain imaging: detects increased blood by increased utilization of radioglucose. provide color coded images of brains activity. red and yellow are high levels of activity, green and blue indicate lower levels of brain activity

Answer 46

Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan)

Question 47

brain imaging: analyzes molecular response of nervous tissue to magnetic fields

Answer 47

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Question 48

bring input to the brain; light or sound, smell, taste, skin senses, information from internal organs. communicate info FROM the environment TO the CNS

Answer 48

sensory neurons

Question 49

communicate info to the muscles and glands of the body. communicate info FROM the CNS TO the muscles

Answer 49

motor neurons

Question 50

communicate info between neurons. by far most of the neurons in the human nervous system are these

Answer 50

interneurons

Question 51

processes nutrients and provides energy for the neuron; contains cell's nucleus; also called the soma. contains DNA chromosomes

Answer 51

cell body

Question 52

multiple short fiber that extend from the neuron's cell body and receive info from other neurons or from sensory receptor cells

Answer 52

dendrites

Question 53

the junction between axon terminals and dendrites

Answer 53

the synapse

Question 54

the long, fluid-filled tube that carries a neuron's messages to other body areas. one per cell branches at end to connect to other cells, these terminals are at the tips of it's branches

Answer 54

axon

Question 55

insulating layer of fatty material composed of glial cells

Answer 55

myelin sheath

Question 56

type of glial cell: provides connections between neurons and blood vessels; involved in brain development and communication among neurons

Answer 56

astrocytes

Question 57

type of glial cell: remove waste products from the nervous system

Answer 57

microglia

Question 58

type of glial cells: form the myelin sheath

Answer 58

oligodendrocytes, schwann cells

Question 59

presence of positive sodium ions outside of the cell (Na+) and negative proteins inside the cell (P-) -70 millivolts inside the cell/ Potassium ions also found inside the cell (K+). negatively charged inside, positively charged outside

Answer 59

resting potential

Question 60

neurotransmitter release across the synapse from another neuron activates receptor sites (sodium channels). when it reaches stimulus threshold (-55 MV) it triggers depolarization and Na+ ions rush in, making the cell more positive. if sufficient sodium enters the cell, threshold level is reached. has a peak of (+30-+40 mV)

Answer 60

spike or action potential

Question 61

sodium channels close and potassium channels open. potassium ions leave the cell

Answer 61

repolarizing

Question 62

portion of the cell is hyperpolarized and has a negative charge of -90 MV, K+ enters the cell and the neuron begins establishing resting potential

Answer 62

refractory period

Question 63

when an action potential reaches the axon terminal___ ____ open up causing the synaptic vesicles to release the neurotransmitters

Answer 63

calcium channels

Question 64

some neurotransmitters are destroyed by enzymes others are returned to the presynaptic cell and recycled through the process of ___

Answer 64

reuptake

Question 65

some neurotransmitters are deactivated and destroyed in the synapse by ___

Answer 65

enzymes

Question 66

some NT are reabsorbed through ___ in the pre-synaptic cell

Answer 66

amine pumps

Question 67

NT are carried to amine pumps by ___ ___

Answer 67

transporter proteins

Question 68

important NT: learning, memory, muscle contractions; associated with Alzheimer's

Answer 68

acetylcholine

Question 69

important NT: movement, thought process, rewarding sensations; associated with Parkinson's, schizophrenia, and drug addiction

Answer 69

dopamine

Question 70

important NT: emotional states, sleep, sensory perception; associated with depression

Answer 70

serotonin

Question 71

important NT: physical arousal, learning, memory, regulation of sleep; associated with depression and stress

Answer 71

norepinephrine

Question 72

important NT: excitatory messages; associated with seizures and alzheimer's

Answer 72

glutamate

Question 73

important NT: pain perception, positive emotions; associated with opioid addiction

Answer 73

endorphins

Question 74

involved in attachment and romantic love, high levels after birth of a child, associated with empathy, found in higher levels in women, promotes monogamy

Answer 74

oxytocin

Question 75

poorly fit the receptor and block the transmitter

Answer 75

antagonists

Question 76

fit receptor well and act like the transmitter

Answer 76

agonists

Question 77

communicate info from one part of the body to another by secreting messenger chemicals called hormones into the bloodstream

Answer 77

endocrine system

Question 78

produces melatonin, helps regulate sleep-wake cycles

Answer 78

pineal gland

Question 79

brain structure that controls the pituitary gland; links NS and endocrine system

Answer 79

hypothalamus

Question 80

regulates activities of several other glands, produces growth hormone, prolactin, and ocytocin

Answer 80

pituitary gland

Question 81

controls body metabolism rate

Answer 81

thyroid gland

Question 82

produce epinephrine, norepinephrine, which cause physical arousal in response to danger, fear, stress, and other strong emotions

Answer 82

adrenal glands

Question 83

regulates blood sugar and insulin levels; involved in hunger

Answer 83

pancreas

Question 84

secrete estrogen and progesterone, which regulated feminine sexual development and reproduction and influence sexual behavior

Answer 84

ovaries

Question 85

secrete testosterone, which regulates male sexual development and reproduction and influences sexual behavior

Answer 85

testes

Question 86

the ability to change function and structure

Answer 86

neuroplasticity

Question 87

brain's ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged brain areas

Answer 87

functional plasticity

Question 88

ability to physically change its structure in response to learning, active practice, or environmental simulation

Answer 88

strucutural plasticity

Question 89

the development of new neurons

Answer 89

neurogenesis

Question 90

major pathways from the left side of body across over to the right side of the brain and vice versa

Answer 90

contralateral control

Question 91

uppermost and largest brain region: contains cerebral cortex

Answer 91

forebrain

Question 92

contains structures involved in processing visual and auditory info

Answer 92

midbrain

Question 93

region at the base of brain that connects the brain to the spinal cord

Answer 93

hindbrain

Question 94

(in hindbrain) controls autonomic functions like breathing, heart rate, blood, controls swallowing, coughing, vomiting, and sneezing

Answer 94

medulla

Question 95

(part of hindbrain) connects medulla to the two sides of the cerebellum, helps coordinate and integrate movements and maintain balance

Answer 95

pons

Question 96

(part of hindbrain) responsible for muscle coordination and maintaining posture and equilibrium, coordinates rapid voluntary movement, responsible for motor memory.

Answer 96

cerebellum

Question 97

(in hindbrain) network of nerve fibers in center of medulla that help regulate sleep, attention, and arousal

Answer 97

reticular formation

Question 98

receives info from touch receptors in different parts of the body

Answer 98

somatosensory cortex

Question 99

processes somatosensory info, including touch, temp, pressure, and info from receptors in the muscles and joints

Answer 99

parietal lobe

Question 100

peanut-sized forebrain structure. considerable control over secretion of endocrine hormones by influencing pituitary gland. plays key role in regulating sleep-wake cycles and other rhythms in the body

Answer 100

hypothlamus

Question 101

regulates levels of awareness, attention, motivation, and emotional aspects of sensations

Answer 101

thalamus

Question 102

an almond-shaped clump of neuron cell bodies at the base of the temporal lobe

Answer 102

amygdala

Question 103

curved forebrain structure

Answer 103

hippocampus

Question 104

a partial or complete inability to articulate ideas or understand written language because of brain injury or damage

Answer 104

aphasia

Question 105

area of brain that when damages can comprehend but not produce language

Answer 105

Broca's area (expressive aphasia)

Question 106

when damaged affected spoken and written communication

Answer 106

Wernicke's area (receptive aphasia)

Question 107

reading and integrating what we see with what we hear

Answer 107

angular gyrus

Question 108

superior in language abilities, speech, reading, and writing. words and letters, language and sounds, verbal memory, speech, grammar rules, reading and writing and arithmetic

Answer 108

left hemisphere

Question 109

involved in nonverbal emotion expression and visual-spatial tasks. geometric patterns, faces, emotional expression, nonlanguage sounds, music, nonverbal memory, emotional tone of speech, geometry, sense direction, distance, mental rotation of shapes

Answer 109

right hemispheres

Question 110

contains three thin layers that envelop and protect brain and spinal cord

Answer 110

meninges

Question 111

organized information among the other lobes of the brain; responsible for higher-level cognitive functions like thinking perception and control

Answer 111

frontal lobes

Question 112

processes visual info and help us see

Answer 112

occipital lobes

Question 113

receive and process sensory info; orient the body in space

Answer 113

parietal lobes

Question 114

plays a key role in hearing, language comprehension, and memory; process auditory stimuli; recognize visual objects

Answer 114

temporal lobes