Exam 1 Flashcards
Define homeostasis and its importance in the individual organism. Which organ systems help maintain it
: Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment. endocrine and Central Nervous system
Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback mechanisms. Provide an example for each mechanism
• Negative feedback: response that shuts off or reduces original stimulus. Ex: body temp
• Positive feedback: Response that enhances or exaggerates original stimulus. Ex: labor contractions
Explain the correct anatomical position
• Hands to the side, standing up straight and facing forward and palms forward.
Draw and label the location of the four quadrants and provide an organ found in each quadrant.
• Left-Upper Quadrant: Spleen
• Right-Upper Quadrant: Gallbladder
• Left-Lower Quadrant: left uterer
• Right-Lower Quadrant: Appendix
Draw and label the location of the four quadrants and provide an organ found in each quadrant.
• Left-Upper Quadrant: Spleen
• Right-Upper Quadrant: Gallbladder
• Left-Lower Quadrant: left uterer
• Right-Lower Quadrant: Appendix
Define solvent, solute, and solution and provide an example.
• Solvent: substance present in greatest amount; water
• Solute: present in smaller amounts; salt in water
• Solution: a liquid mixture; rubbing alcohol
What is a polar covalent bond and what properties does it give a compound such as water?
The unequal sharing of electrons between the atoms and the unsymmetrical shape of the molecule means that a water molecule has two poles - a positive charge on the hydrogen pole (side) and a negative charge on the oxygen pole (side)
Describe the four conditions which increase the rate of a reaction.
Temperature, physical state of reactant, catalyst and particle concentration
Describe the pH scale; what does it measure? How is the scale structured? What is the relationship
between the types of solutions?
pH is a measure of how acidic/basic a substance is. 0-6.99 is considered acidic, 7 is neutral and 7.01-14 is basic.
List the four macromolecules and provide two functions for each.
carbohydrates: source of energy and builds macromolecules
lipids (or fats): storing energy and insulation
proteins: building tissues and hormone production
nucleic acids: storage and expression of genomic info
List the six functions of the membrane proteins.
.1. Transport
2. Receptors for signal transduction
3. Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
4. Enzymatic activity
5. Intercellular joining
6. Cell-cell recognition
Describe what is meant by the plasma membrane being “selectively permeable”. What factors restrict selective permeability?
• Allows some materials to move freely. Restricts other materials
• Restricts materials based on Size, Electrical charge, Molecular shape, Lipid solubility.
Describe isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic, and how these solutions affect an animal cell.
Isotonic: A solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell ( cells remains the same)
Hypertonic: Has more solutes and gains water by osmosis ( cells loses water and shrivels up/shrinks)
Hypotonic: Has less solutes and loses water through osmosis ( cells gains water and expands)
Describe the sodium-potassium pump. What is its function and why is it an important component for
cells?
• Active transport, carrier mediated
• Sodium ions (Na+) out, potassium ions (K+) in
• 1 ATP moves 3 Na+ and 2 K
helps to maintain osmotic equilibrium and membrane potential in cells. The sodium and potassium move against the concentration gradients.
Describe the endocytosis including pinocytosis and phagocytosis; describe exocytosis. How is the
vesicle produced in each of these mechanisms of transport?
Endo- taking in of matter by a living cell
-pinocytosis: ingestion of liquid into cell
- phagocytosis: ingestion of bacteria by phagocytes
Exo- contents of cell vacuole are released to exterior
