EXAM 1

Question 1

Describe what a cell is
Give examples
What’s it’s basic functions

Answer 1

Cell’s are the smallest living units in our bodies
The three components that make up a cell are the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm and the nucleus

Question 2

Tissues of the body are defined as?

Answer 2

a clump of cells that perform similar functions
This included epithelial, connective, nervous and muscles tissue

Question 3

Which structures are made up of fibrocartilage?

Question 4

What is in the axial region?

Answer 4

The head, neck and and trunk (neck to pelvic area)

Question 5

What is in the appendicular region?

Answer 5

The limbs, its what sticks out

Question 6

Describe intermediate

Answer 6

Your collarbone is intermediate to your breastbone and shoulder

Question 7

Describe proximal

Answer 7

Your elbow is proximal to your wrist
Means your elbow is above your wrist

Question 8

Describe distal

Answer 8

Your knee is distal to your thigh
Means your knee is below your thigh

Question 9

What is your frontal plane
What is your medial plane
What is your transverse plane

Answer 9

Your frontal plane separates your anterior and posterior side
Your medial plane separates your left and right
Your transverse place separates the top and bottom

Question 10

what are the different body cavities and which organs are present?

Answer 10

Dorsal Body Cavity
- Cranial cavity = contains the brain
- vertebral cavity = contains the spine

Ventral Body Cavity
-thoracic cavity = contains 3 parts
- two lateral sides, each containing a lung
- one mediastinum, contains the heart
- abdominopelvic cavity = contains 2 parts
- abdominal cavity, contains liver, stomach, intestines kidneys and others
- pelvic cavity, contains the bladder, rectum and some reproductive organs

Question 11

what are ventral cavities an what lines them?

Answer 11

Ventral cavities are serous cavities that are lined by serous membranes

Question 12

What are some serous membranes

Answer 12

mesothelium ( lines the middle of cavities)
Parietal serosa (the outer wall that lines the pericardium, the heart)
Visceral serosa (the wall that covers the pericardium, the heart)

Question 13

What is a pluripotent cell?

Answer 13

A stem cell that comes directly from a somatic cell (inherited chromosome)

Question 14

What is the difference between a undifferentiated cell and a differentiated cell?

Answer 14

Undifferentiated cell is a stem cell, which can be used for many purposes
Differentiated cell is a specialized cell that has a specific function, this occurs why an alternated gen is expressed in response it the environment

Question 15

What steps do you take to prepare a tissue for viewing under a microscope?

Answer 15

First you have to preserve the sample, based on what microscope you will you decides that chemicals used.
- formaldehyde is used for light microscopy
- Glutaraldehyde
- Paraformaldehyde
- Osmium tetroxide all are used for electron microscopy

Second, you slice the sample into thin portions
- one sample for each body plane

Third, you stain the sample to see the different anatomical structures

Question 16

How does an X-ray work?

Answer 16

it uses short waves and a negative image

Question 17

How does a CT/CAT scan work?

Answer 17

It uses the same technique as an X-ray, but takes 12 X-rays and pieces them together to form an image

Question 18

How does PET scan work?

Answer 18

Uses radioactive isotopes, forms a thermo image

Question 19

How does an MRI work?

Answer 19

Produces high quality waves to get a clear image of tissues
Uses radiowaves

Question 20

How does Ultrasound imaging work?

Answer 20

Uses high frequency sound waves that echo off the body

Question 21

What composes the plasma membrane?

Answer 21

A phospholipid bi layer of carbs, proteins and cholesterol

Question 22

How do large molecules get into the plasma membrane since its selectively permeable

Answer 22

Through Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Question 23

What is endocytosis?

Answer 23

Its how larger molecules get into the plasma membrane

Question 24

What are the three ways endocytosis is carried out?

Answer 24

Phagocytosis - the entire solid large particle is eaten
Pinocytosis - the smaller particles are eating
Receptor mediated endocytosis - used specific molecules

Question 25

what is exocytosis?

Answer 25

It does the maintenance, helps clean out the particles in the cell
The reverse of endocytosis
the substance is enclosed in a vesicle, then gets migrated to the plasma membrane, there protein vesicles (v-SNARES) bind with the membrane proteins (t-SNARES), then exits the particles

Question 26

What does the Golgi do?

Answer 26

Sorts out the proteins coming from the ER
Sends them off the secretory vesicles in the plasma membrane OR Lysosomes/Peroxisomes OR is secreted by exocytosis

Question 27

How is the matrix of the mitochondria folded?

Answer 27

Into cristae

Question 28

What is the fixed ribosome?

Answer 28

Its attached to the rough ER to secrete protiens

Question 29

What is the free ribosome?

Answer 29

Its where the non-secreted proteins go, seen in the cytosol

Question 30

What makes up the cytoskeleton?

Answer 30

Microfilaments (smallest protein structure, they are tight coils made on actin) Microtubules (largest hollow proteins that contain tubulin)
Intermediate filaments (licorice shaped)

Question 31

What are centrioles?

Answer 31

They assist in cillia and come in pairs of 9 triplets to make 27
They are the basal body

Question 32

What is the Chromatin made of?

Answer 32

Histone proteins and DNA

Question 33

Describe the epithelial tissue

Answer 33

Its the covering / lining of a hollow organ or body cavity

Question 34

What is the basal lamina?

Answer 34

its a non-supportive sheet between the connective tissue and epithelial tissue,

Question 35

What are the three cell junctions?

Answer 35

Gap junctions - connected the cells through a canal
Tight junctions - a tight interlocked area with no space, like a lock and key
Desmosomes - create a chain like connection, connections through plaque (spider legs)

Question 36

What does endothelium line?

Answer 36

The heart and blood vessels

Question 37

What does the mesothelium line?