Exam 1

Question 1

what are the layers of the skin from deep to superficial?

Answer 1

• stratum basale
• stratum spinosum
• stratum granulosum
• stratum lucidum
• stratum corneum

Question 2

what layers of the epidermis are composed of living keratinocytes?

Answer 2

the first 3 layers

Question 3

How many layers make up the stratum basale?

Answer 3

1 layer of cuboidal to low columnar cells

Question 4

what are the 3 cell types found in the stratum basale

Answer 4

keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells

Question 5

what are the most abundant cells in the epidermis?

Answer 5

keratinocytes

Question 6

what is the function and location of keratinocytes

Answer 6

found in all layers, keratinocytes divide to regenerate new cells replacing old cells shed at surface, synthesizes keratin

Question 7

what is the function of melanocytes

Answer 7

produce and store pigment in response to UV light, transfer pigment granules into keratinocytes

Question 8

what is the function of tactile cells and what is another name for them

Answer 8

tactile (merkel) cells are scattered within stratum basale and are sensitive to touch. When compressed, chemicals are released that stimulate sensory nerve endings

Question 9

how many layers make up the stratum spinosum

Answer 9

several layers of polygonal keratinocytes

Question 10

what is the function of the stratum spinosum?

Answer 10

daughter cells from stratum basale are pushed in and begin to develop into specialized non dividing keratinocytes

Question 11

what is the function of langerhans cells and where can they be found?

Answer 11

(epidermal dendritic cells) initiate immune response, found in spinosum and granulosum

Question 12

how many layers make up the stratum granulosum

Answer 12

3-5 layers of keratinocytes

Question 13

describe the steps of keratinization

Answer 13

(begins in granulosum)
- keratinocytes fill with keratin
- causes nucleus and organelles to disintergrate
- fully keratinized cell dead but structurally sound
- takes several layers to complete

Question 14

how many layers is the stratum lucidum?

Answer 14

2-3 translucent layers

Question 15

which layer of epidermis is only found in thick skin?

Answer 15

stratum lucidum

Question 16

what is the protein found in thick skin that protects it from UV light?

Answer 16

eleidin

Question 17

how many layers make up the stratum corneum?

Answer 17

20-30 layers of dead, interlocking keratinized cells

Question 18

how long does it take the keratinocytes to migrate from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum?

Answer 18

about 2 weeks

Question 19

what is the difference between thick skin and thin skin?

Answer 19

thick skin lacks hair follicles and sebaceous glands

Question 20

true or false, those with darker skin have more melanocytes

Answer 20

false, everyone has the same number of melanocytes

Question 21

where does carotene accumulate in the skin?

Answer 21

in subcutaneous fat and the keratinocytes of the stratum corneum

Question 22

what causes albinism?

Answer 22

enzyme for melanin is nonfunctional and melanin can’t be produced

Question 23

what is a nevus?

Answer 23

a localized overgrowth of melanocytes (a mole)

Question 24

what do freckles represent?

Answer 24

localized areas of increased melanocyte activity

Question 25

what is a hemangioma and what are the 2 types?

Answer 25

a skin discoloration due to benign blood vessel tumor, 2 types: capillary and cavernous

Question 26

what are friction ridges?

Answer 26

small pegs in thin skin and complex arches and whorls in fingers, palms, soles, and toes

Question 27

what is the function of friction ridges?

Answer 27

to increase friction on contact, also used for personal identification

Question 28

what are the layers of the dermis?

Answer 28

papillary layer and reticular layer

Question 29

what is the papillary layer composed of?

Answer 29

composed of areolar CT which forms dermal papillae

Question 30

what part of the epidermis interacts with the dermis to interlock them and increase contact?

Answer 30

epidermal ridges

Question 31

what is the reticular layer composed of?

Answer 31

dense irregular ct, large bundles of collagen fibers project

Question 32

describe lines of cleavage

Answer 32

collagen and elastic fibers oriented in parallel bundles designed to resist stress during routine movement

Question 33

how do the fibers of the dermis contribute to the characteristics of the skin?

Answer 33

the collagen fibers impart tensile strength while the elastic fibers allow stretch and recoil

Question 34

what is the subcutaneous layer composed of?

Answer 34

areolar and adipose CT, CT fibers are interwoven with fibers of reticular dermis

Question 35

what is the function of the subcutaneous layer?

Answer 35

pads and protects body, acts as energy reservoir, provides thermal insulation

Question 36

which gender has a thicker subcutaneous layer

Answer 36

females

Question 37

What are the functions of the integument

Answer 37

- protection - prevention of water loss/gain -secretion/absorption - immune protection - temp regulation - sensory reception

Question 38

what is the function of sebaceous glands?

Answer 38

secrete sebum to lubricate skin and hair and make the integument water resistant

Question 39

how does the integument regulate temperature

Answer 39

vasoconstriction decreases blood supply to peripheral structures

Question 40

what are the 2 types of sweat glands

Answer 40

apocrine and merocrine

Question 41

what type of sweat gland is most numerous

Answer 41

merocrine

Question 42

what is the function of merocrine sweatglands

Answer 42

thermoregulation, secrete sweat composed of 99% water

Question 43

where are merocrine glands most abundant?

Answer 43

palms, soles, and forhead

Question 44

where are apocrine sweat glands found?

Answer 44

confined to axillary and anogenital areas

Question 45

what do apocrine sweat glands secrete

Answer 45

sweat, fatty substances, and proteins

Question 46

what are the two ways integumentary tissue can be repaired?

Answer 46

regeneration and fibrosis

Question 47

describe the process of regeneration

Answer 47

replacement of damaged or dead cells with same cell type, restores function

Question 48

describe the process of fibrosis

Answer 48

gaps are filled with scar tissue, functional activities not restored

Question 49

Name the inputs and outputs of glycolysis

Answer 49

input: glucose, 2 ATP output: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH,2 ATP

Question 50

Name the inputs and outputs of the intermediate stage

Answer 50

input: 2 pyruvate output: 2 acetyl-CoA, CO2

Question 51

Name the inputs and outputs of the citric acid cycle

Answer 51

input: 2 acetyl CoA outputs: CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

Question 52

name the inputs and outputs of the electron transport chain

Answer 52

input: NADH,FADH2 output: H2O, 30 ish ATP

Question 53

what is the final theoretical output from 1 glucose molecule

Answer 53

about 34 ATP

Question 54

what is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

Answer 54

oxygen

Question 55

which process produces ATP in glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle?

Answer 55

substrate level phosphorylation

Question 56

what process produces ATP in the ETC?

Answer 56

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 57

what type of gland lacks ducts?

Answer 57

endocrine glands

Question 58

what are the two layers of serous membranes?

Answer 58

parietal layer: lines internal surface of body wall visceral layer: covers external surface of organs

Question 59

what is the function of serous fluid?

Answer 59

acts as a lubricant to reduce friction caused by movement of organs against body wall

Question 60

what is the median space in the thoracic cavity?

Answer 60

the mediastinum

Question 61

what serous membrane surrounds the heart?

Answer 61

the pericardium

Question 62

what serous membrane is associated with the lungs?

Answer 62

the pleura

Question 63

what serous membrane lines the abdominopelvic cavity?

Answer 63

the peritoneum

Question 64

what are the three components of homeostatic systems

Answer 64

receptor, control center, effector