Exam 1

Question 1

Symbiosis

Answer 1

Close, long-term relationships between organisms

Question 2

Mutualism

Answer 2

Both host and symbiont benefit from interaction

Question 3

Commensalism

Answer 3

Symbiont benefits and the host is not affected

Question 4

Phoresy

Answer 4

Type of commensalism where the symbiont gets transportation from host

Question 5

Inquilinism

Answer 5

Type of commensalism where symbiont gets a home from host

Question 6

Parasitism

Answer 6

Symbiont benefits and host is harmed

Question 7

Amensalism

Answer 7

One partner is harmed and the other is not affected

Question 8

Biomass

Answer 8

Matter an organism is made of

Question 9

Metabolism

Answer 9

Chemical reactions organisms carry out

Question 10

Work

Answer 10

Behaviors organisms engage in

Question 11

Products

Answer 11

Things organisms make

Question 12

ectoparasites

Answer 12

live on the outside of the host’s body, like ticks, fleas, or lice

Question 13

endoparasites

Answer 13

live on the inside of host’s body, like tapeworms, flukes, intestinal roundworms, and parasitic protists

Question 14

mesoparasites

Answer 14

live partially inside and outside of the host’s body, like Pennella balaenopterae found on whales and dolphins

Question 15

facultative parasites

Answer 15

can survive as free-living organisms, but will parasitize a host given the opportunity

Question 16

Naegleria fowleri

Answer 16

brain-eating amoeba that is facultative, but will cause amoebic meningoencephalitis (fatal)

Question 17

accidental parasites

Answer 17

parasites that enter the wrong host and do not survive for long

Question 18

Baylisacaris

Answer 18

roundworms that normally infect racoons, but if accidentally parasitize humans they get into the brain

Question 19

hyperparasites

Answer 19

parasites of parasites

Question 20

Udonella caligorum

Answer 20

hyperparasite that parasitize lepeophtheirus hospitalis (parasite of fish)

Question 21

monoxenous

Answer 21

parasite that lives it’s entire life cycle in one host

Question 22

Monocystis

Answer 22

monoxenous parasite

Question 23

autoinfection

Answer 23

offspring of parasites parasitize the same host individual

Question 24

Strongyloides

Answer 24

parasite that can autoinfect

Question 25

heteroxenous

Answer 25

parasites that have their different life cycles in different hosts

Question 26

definitive host

Answer 26

host that supports the adult or sexually reproductive cycle of a parasite

Question 27

intermediate host

Answer 27

host that supports the larval or asexually reproducing stage of a parasite

Question 28

reservoir host

Answer 28

primary host that holds the parasite until it jumps to another host, usually not negatively affected by parasite

Question 29

black rats and Yersinia pestis

Answer 29

reservoir hosts for bubonic plague bacteria

Question 30

paratenic host

Answer 30

transports parasite and allows it to mature until it is able to parasitize optimal host

Question 31

Dicotophyme renale

Answer 31

paratenic host that is carried in fish until it is able to parasitize mink

Question 32

the two-fold cost of sex

Answer 32

asexual reproduction is faster but sexual reproduction creates genetic variation (John Maynard Smith)

Question 33

Significance of Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg

Answer 33

he determined unicellular protozoans were their own complete organisms

Question 34

Significance of Haeckel (1866)

Answer 34

he proposed the Kingdom Protista for fungi and prokaryotes

Question 35

Significance of Chatton (1937)

Answer 35

he made the distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 36

Significance of Whittaker (1969)

Answer 36

separated fungi into its own kingdom

Question 37

Kingdom Protista

Answer 37

contains organisms that do not fit into the other groups, no embryonic development or extensive cellular differentiation

Question 38

Eukaryotic parasites

Answer 38

5 supergroups, defined by similarities in DNA sequences as well as structural similarities

Question 39

Classes of eukaryotic parasites

Answer 39

Amoebozoa, Excavata, SAR, Opisthokonta, Archaeplastida

Question 40

SAR

Answer 40

Supergroup of parasites that contain Stramenopiles, Alveolata, and Rhizaria

Question 41

Ameobozoa

Answer 41

cells with no fixed shape, they use amoeboid locomotion (scooting along using cytoplasm)

Question 42

Acanthamoeba

Answer 42

free-living aquatic amoeba, can form resistant cysts, facultative parasite

Question 43

Entamoeba histolytica

Answer 43

amoeba that causes amoebic dysentery, active as trophozoites, inactive as cysts

Question 44

trophozoite

Answer 44

growing stage of some parasites when they are absorbing nutrients from the host

Question 45

cyst

Answer 45

resistant stage of parasites when they are usually passed in feces and ineffective

Question 46

Excavata characteristics

Answer 46

Flagella, specialized feeding grooves, many use anaerobic respiration through hydrogenosomes, include free-living, pathogens, and symbionts

Question 47

Excavata clades

Answer 47

Discoba and Metamonada

Question 48

Discoba includes

Answer 48

Euglenozoa (trypanosomes) and Heterolobosea (amoeboflagellate)

Question 49

metamonada includes

Answer 49

preaxostyla, fornicata (giardia), and parabasalia

Question 50

euglenoza includes

Answer 50

euglenids and kinetoplastids

Question 51

Euglenids

Answer 51

free-living organisms with chloroplasts and pellicle (protein on cytoskeleton, give flexibility and maintain shape)

Question 52

Kinetoplastids

Answer 52

have kinetoplast, dark eyespot, mitochondrial DNA, include trypanosoma (Chagas and African Sleeping sickness) and leishmania

Question 53

Which stage of trypanasomatid?

Answer 53

Amastigote, no flagellum

Question 54

Which stage of trypanosomatid?

Answer 54

Promastigote, anterior flagellum

Question 55

Which stage of trypanosomatid?

Answer 55

Ophishtomastigote, flagellum in pocket

Question 56

Which stage of trypanosomatid?

Answer 56

Epimastigote, flagellum along side

Question 57

Which stage of trypanosomatid?

Answer 57

Trypomastigote