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Forensic Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What is Forensic Psychology?

A

The study of psychology applied specifically to the legal system.

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2
Q

What is the “misfit” between psychology and the legal system?

A

Laws are a human creation, psychology is a field with an abundance of research

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3
Q

What jobs fall under the forensic psychologist category?

A

Forensic Evaluators
Correctional Psychologists
Law Enforcement Psychologists
Trial Consultants
Academic Psychologists

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4
Q

What is an adversarial system?

A

The type of legal system in which a dispute between opposing parties is heard before a judge or jury.`

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5
Q

What is an inquisitorial system?

A

The court is actively involved in proof of facts by taking investigating of the case.

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6
Q

Applied Science

A

Applies existing scientific knowledge to develop more practical applications.

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7
Q

Basic Science

A

Concerned with knowledge of fundamental phenomena and the laws that govern them.

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8
Q

Crime Control Model

A

Processing of defendants through the court system and the uniform punishment of offenders according to the severity of their crime.

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9
Q

Discretion

A

Involves considering the circumstances of certain offenders and offenses to determine the appropriate consequences for wrongdoing

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10
Q

Dual-Process Model

A

Provides an account of how thought can arise in two different ways. (Conscious and unconscious)

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11
Q

equality

A

all people who commit the same crime should receive the same consequences

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12
Q

Expert Witness

A

A person permitted to testify at trial due to special knowledge of a particular field relevant to the case

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13
Q

Forensic Evaluator

A

Assessing if an individual is competed to stand trial

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14
Q

Forensic mental health assessment

A

An evaluation to provide relevant information to legal decision makers

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15
Q

Precedents

A

a decided case that furnishes a basis for determining later cases involving similar facts or issues

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16
Q

Procedural justice

A

The idea of fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources

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17
Q

Stare decisis

A

“Let the decision stand” A legal decision that reflects earlier decisions from similar cases.

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18
Q

Trial Consulting

A

The use of trained professionals in the social sciences to assist attorney’s in preparing and presenting evidence in a trail.

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19
Q

Estimator variables

A

Cannot be controlled by the criminal justice system.

-Lighting
-Distance

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20
Q

System Variables

A

controlled by the criminal justice system.

-retrieval of evidence
-identification procedures

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21
Q

Sequential Lineups

A

Witness views each lineup member one at a time and decides guilt or innocence before seeing next person

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22
Q

Simultaneous Lineups

A

Witness is presented with everyone in the lineup at one time

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23
Q

Showup Lineups

A

Witness is confronted with only one person rather than a group of people

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24
Q

Cognitive Interview

A

individuals verbalize thoughts and feelings as they examine information

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25
Confirmation Bias
the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of ones own existing beliefs or theories
26
Double-Blind Testing Procedure
A line-up procedure in which the police officers administrating the line-up and the eyewitness making the identification are both unaware of the potential suspect
27
Encoding
the initial experience of perceiving and learning information
28
Experimental Methodology
Manipulating one variable to determine if this causes changes in another variable
29
Experimenter Bias
experimenters allow their expectations to affect their interpretation of observations
30
Field Studies
conducted in "real-world" settings outside a lab
31
Ground Truth
The truth regarding whether or not a person actually committed the act they are accused of
32
Open-Ended Questions
cannot simply be answered by yes or no and instead must be elaborated on
33
Other-Race Effect (Cross-Race Effect)
the tendency to recognize and remember faces of one's own race more readily than those of other races
34
Photographic Lineup
a witness is shown a series of photographs that may or may not include the suspect
35
Relative Judgement
the fact that the witness seems to be choosing the lineup member who most resembles the witnesses memory
36
Retention Interval
The period between a exposure and being tested
37
Retrieval
the process of recovering information stored in memory
38
Selective Attention
The capacity for reacting towards certain stimuli when several occur at once
39
Source Confusion
occurs when someone does not remember where certain memories come from
40
Storage
the ability to retain information in the brain
41
Suggestive questions
implies that a certain answer should be given
42
Unconscious Transference
an eyewitness to a crime misidentifies a familiar but innocent person
43
Weapon Focus Effect
weapon distracts eyewitnesses'
44
Cues of deception police often rely on
Avoidance Fidgeting leg movements gaze posture
45
Accuracy Level of detecting deception
54%
46
Dangers of being innocent
Revoking Miranda Rights
47
Reids 9 Step interrogation function
1. Custody and Isolation 2. Positive Confirmation 3. Minimization Themes
48
Dispositional Risk Factors
Things individuals don't have much control over personality traits genetics
49
Situational Risk Factors
Risk inherent to the situation Struck by object
50
Voluntary False Confession
a self-incriminating statement that is offered without external pressure from police.
51
Compliant False Confession
given in response to police coercion, stress, or pressure
52
Internalized False Confession
believes they actually committed the crime
53
What helps distinguish between true and false confessions?
Does statement match evidence
54
False Evidence Ploys
false claims to have evidence that implicates the suspect in the crime
55
Bluffing About Evidence
Pretending to have evidence tested
56
False Confession
a statement given by an individual that incriminates them in a crime they did not commit
57
False Denial
A statement by a defendant that an allegation is false
58
Fundamental Attribution Error
the tendency to attribute another's actions to their character and behavior to situational factors
59
Truth Bias
people believes others are telling the truth more often than they actually are
60
Belief Perseverance
Clinging to ones initial belief even after receiving new information that contradicts or disconfirms
61
Miranda Rights
You have the right to remain silent. anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to have an attorney. If you cannot afford one, one will be appointed to you by the court.
62
Flaws of forensic science (identified in NAS report)
Lack of uniformity no accrediation not reliability no scientific evidence
63
Forensic Confirmation Bias
an individuals preexisting beliefs, expectations, motives, and situational context influence the collection, perception, and interpretation of evidence during the course of a criminal case
64
How does psychology explain forensic Science errors?
this field has the potential to be compromised by human errors, bias, etc
65
How does scientific evidence impact other evidence in a case?
It is more likely to be trusted by jurors
66
How does other evidence in a case impact the interpretation of forensic science evidence
If it aligns individuals are more likely to be trusting of it
67
Frye & Daubert Difference
Daubert used by a judge to determine if the expert's methodology was scientifically valid. Frye standards conclude where the method used to determine opinion is generally accepted by experts in the field
68
How do experts get admitted into court?
Judge
69
The knowledge of skills of developmental psychologists might be most relevant for the legal system in....
Evaluating which custody arrangement will most benefit the child
70
The knowledge and skills of social psychologists might be most relevant?
When studying the dynamics of jury deliberation
71
Differences in goals, methods, and styles of inquiry make the relationship between psychology and law
Difficult but important
72
Police officers trained in crisis intervention
Report feeling better prepared for their encounters with individuals with mental illnesses
73
True or False: The Presence of mental illness has been found to decrease the probability of arrest.
False

Forensic Psychology (1 decks)

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