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bio psych > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cranial trephination?

A

Early form of brain surgery that was performed ritualistically that involved drilling holes in the brain

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2
Q

What is the over arching idea of cranial trephination?

A

Ancient cultures believed there to be a connection between brain and behavior

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3
Q

What did Galen study?

A

Behavioral changes following head injuries in gladiators

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4
Q

What did Galen hypothesize?

A

That the fluids (humors) in the ventricular system were connected to the body via nerves

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5
Q

What are the 4 humors?

A

Sanguine (blood), melancholics (black bile), cholerics (yellow bile), and phlegmatics (phlegm)

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6
Q

What does sanguine correspond to?

A

Extroverted and social temperments

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7
Q

What does melancholics correspond to?

A

Creativity, kindness, and consideration

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8
Q

What does cholerics correspond to?

A

Energy, passion, and charisma

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9
Q

What does phlegmatics correspond to?

A

Dependability, kindness, and affection

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10
Q

What did galen theorize about behavior/personality based on the 4 humors?

A

A persons behavior/personality was a balance between all 4 humors

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11
Q

What were Descartes ideas?

A

Brain was like machine involved in fluid mechanics, fluids in the brain inflated muscles and caused movement

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12
Q

What is dualism?

A

The idea that the mind is subject to the spirit and the body is subject to material interactions

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13
Q

What did Descartes suggest about the pineal gland?

A

That the mind and body were connected in the pineal gland

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14
Q

What did Gall study?

A

The shape of a persons skull in comparison to their behavior

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15
Q

What is phrenology?

A

The idea that different bumps on the skill could reveal out mental abilities and character traits

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16
Q

What are the flaws of phrenology?

A

Bumps on the skull do not correspond to bumps on the brain, Gall employed inaccurate classifications for different parts of the brain, and used selective and arbitrary methods of observation@AQ

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17
Q

What did Flourens think?

A

Opposed doctrines of phrenology

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18
Q

What kind of studies did Flourens conduct and what did they oppose?

A

Ablation/lesion studies that challenged localization of function

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19
Q

what are ablation/lesion studies?

A

Involve damaging/removing brain tissue and observing changes that occur as a result

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20
Q

What did Lashley do?

A

Conducted ablation studies and concluded that memories were not localized and that impairment was related to the amount of tissue removed rather than its location

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21
Q

What did lashley conclude?

A

Brain tissue had equal potential for the mediation of brain functions

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22
Q

What did Broca argue?

A

That language ability was localized to a restricted region

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23
Q

Who wrote the neuron doctrine?

A

Santiago Ramón y Cajal

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24
Q

What did the neuron doctrine state?

A

The idea that the brain is made up of discrete cells called nerve cells, each delimited by an external membrane

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25
What is the reticular theory?
The cells of the brain are fused into a giant web like network, all cells are in contact and continuous with each other, the web functions as a whole network and the contribution of individual parts is lost
26
Who came up with the reticular theory?
Camillo Golgi
27
What did Golgi believe?
That the protoplasmic processes (now dendrites) were in contact with blood vessels and function to provide nutrients to the cell and that the business of the nerve cells were carried out by what are now axons, which he believed to be continuous with each other and formed the reticulum (network)
28
Who named the synapse?
Sir Charles Sherrington
29
Role of soma/cell body
contains the nucleus, integrates information, serves as metabolic center
30
Role of dendrites
Convey information towards cell body, receives input from other cells
31
Role of axons
Conveys information away from the soma, sometimes over long distances, conducts signals away from cell
32
Role of synaptic terminal
Output domain of neuron
33
Presynaptic site
site of release, contains synapse machinery, neurotrasmitters, ion channels, and mitochrondria
34
Synaptic cleft
Space between the presynaptic and postynaptic sites
35
Synaptic vesicle
Store neurotransmitter to be released
36
Postsynaptic density
Area of dendrite that is opposite release site, contains receptors
37
What are the principle types of neurons?
Multipolar, bipolar, and pseudounipolar
38
What is an example of a multipolar neuron?
Most common, motor neurons
39
What is an example of bipolar neurons?
Highly specialized sensory systems, ex retina
40
What is an example of pseudounipolar neurons?
Peripheral nervous system
41
What is the role of the presynaptic neuron?
To send the message
42
What is the role of the postsynaptic neuron?
To receive the message
43
What is convergence?
Number of inputs to a single neuron and it reflects the ability of a neuron to integrate those signals
44
What is divergence?
The number of targets a single neuron can communicate with
45
What do excitatory synapses do to their target?
Depolarize
46
What do inhibitory synapses do to their target?
Hyperpolarize
47
Are axosomatic synapses upstream or downstream?
Upstream
48
What are glia?
Non-neuronal cells in the nervous system
49
Why are glial cells important to the nervous system?
Provide physical support, regulate extracellular environment to maintain homeostasis, provide protection, have defensive roles (immune cells), produce myelin
50
What are the types of macroglia?
Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
51
What are the characteristics of astrocytes?
- provide structural support - act as glial guide wires for neurons during development - maintain ion balance around neurons - participate in reuptake of neurotransmitter adjacent to synapse - surround blood vessels (BBB) - migrate to site of neuronal injury and proliferate to aid in repairing damaged neuronal tissue (specialized set of astrocytes called reactive astrocytes), can lead to gliosis (glial scarring) if unsuccessful
52
What are the characteristics of oligodendrocytes?
- predominate in white matter - extend multiple arms to myelinate multiple axons within the CNS only - insulating cells in the CNS via myelin (fatty membrane), done by Schwann cell in PNS
53
What is the function of Schwann cell?
Forms myelin sheath around peripheral nerves
54
What is myelin?
membrane wrapped tightly around most axons in the nervous system, acts as an insulator (helps increase speed of conduction of nerve impulses)
55
What is the node of ranvier?
gaps between bundles of myelin, important for propagating an action potential
56
What are characteristics of microglial cells (macrophages)?
-survey the CNS to combat infection - activate and infiltrate zones of CNS to scavenge for infection and damage - some exist within the CNA and others infiltrate from the blood
57
What is glycosylation?
Reaction of a carbohydrate group to a protein cargo which allows the cargoes to be targeted to different vesicles in the golgi apparatus
58
Kinesin
anterograde (away from cell body)
59
Dynein
retrograde (toward the cell body)
60
What are the 3 major components of the cytoskeleton?
1. microtubules 2. intermediate filaments 3. microfilaments
61
What are the characteristics of microtubules?
- made out of tubulin - act as tracks along which motor proteins and vesicles move - microtubule shortening moves chromosomes
62
What are the characteristics of intermediate filaments?
- stabilize cell structure - help hold neighboring cells together - made of keratin
63
What are the characteristics of microfilaments?
- determine cell shape - made from the protein actin
64
What is the hydrophillic head of a phospholipid?
a phosphate charged group
65
What is the hydrophobic tail of a phospholipid?
fatty acids
66
What connects the hydrophobic tail and hydrophillic head of a phospholipid?
Glycerol backbone
67
What can passively move across the plasma membrane?
Hydrophobic molecules, small polar molecules
68
What can't passively move across the plasma membrane?
large polar molecules, ions
69
What is diffusion?
the movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached
70
What affects the rate of diffusion?
size of molecule, temperature of solution, concentration gradient, electric charges
71
Integral membrane proteins
span entire membrane
72
peripheral membrane proteins
only adheres temporarily to membrane on the periphery
73
What falls under facilitated diffusion?
ion channels and transport/carrier proteins
74
What falls under active transport?
pumps
75
What do ion channels do?
Allow ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient, can be selective for a particular ion
76
What does it mean when an ion channel is gated?
can be closed or opened to passage of ions, gate opens when protein is stimulated to change its shape, stimulus can be a molecule (ligand gated) or electrical charge (voltage gated)
77
What do transport/carrier proteins do?
allow large molecules and ions to move across phospholipid bilayer
78
What are characteristics of active transporters?
-Active transporters move ions against their concentration gradient -require energy -slow - responsible for generating and maintaining concentration gradients for particular ions

bio psych (3 decks)

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