Exam #1 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
the nervous system
A
the body’s electrochemical circuitry
2
Q
afferent nerves
A
carry info to the brain and spinal cord
3
Q
efferent nerves
A
carry info out of the brain and spinal cord
4
Q
neural networks
A
interconnected groups of nerve cells that integrate sensory input and motor output
5
Q
central nervous system (CNS)
A
brain and spinal cord (99% in CNS)
6
Q
peripheral nervous system
A
network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body
7
Q
somatic nervous system
A
sensory waves, convey info from skin & muscles to the CNS about pain and temp and motor nerves
8
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
takes messages from body’s internal organs
9
Q
sympathetic nervous system
A
arouses the body to mobilize it for action (involved in experience of stress)
10
Q
parasympathetic nervous system
A
calms the body
11
Q
flight or fight reaction
A
sympathetic nervous system
12
Q
neurons
A
nerve cells that handle info processing function (brain contains about 100 billion neurons)
13
Q
mirror neurons
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play a role of imitation
14
Q
glial cells
A
provide support, nutritional benefits and other functions in nervous system (most common)
15
Q
cell body
A
contains the nucleus
16
Q
dendrites
A
treelike fiber projecting from neuron, receives info and directs it to cell body
17
Q
axon
A
part that carries info away from cell body toward other cells
18
Q
synapses
A
tiny spaces between neurons (synaptic gap)
19
Q
neurotransmitters
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carry info across a synaptic gap to the next neuron
20
Q
electroencephalogram (EEG)
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electrically records the brains electrical activity
21
Q
computer axial tomography (CAT scan or CT scan
A
provides info about location and extent of damage
22
Q
position emission tomography (PET scan)
A
metabolic changes in the brains related to activity
23
Q
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
A
using radio waves to construct images of the persons tissue and biochemical activities, creating a magnetic field around someone
24
Q
presynaptic neuron
A
sending
25
postsynaptic neuron
receiving
26
dopamine
motivation, movement, learning, attention, emotion
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aceytlcholine (ACH)
learning, memory, allows muscles to contract
28
serotonin
sleep, mood, hunger, arousal
29
endorphins
natural opiates
30
agonist drugs
mimics and increases effect (excites)
31
antagonist drugs
blocks and inhibits (less likely it will occur)
32
neuroplasticity
ability to recover, depends on age/extent of damage/intervention
33
embryonic nervous system
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
34
sensation
process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neutral energy
35
perception
process of organizing and interpreting sensory info so it makes sense
36
bottom up processing
sensory receptors register info about external environment and send it to the brain for interpretation
37
top down processing
cognitive processing in the brain
38
absolute threshold
minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect
39
difference threshold
degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected
40
webers law
two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion to be perceived as different
41
selective attention
focusing on specific aspect of experience while ignoring others
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sensory adaption
a change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation
43
visual system
part of the CNS that is required for visual perception
44
auditory system
processes how we hear and understand sounds within the environment
45
trichromatic theory
color perception is produced by three types of cone receptors in the retina
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opponent process theory
cells in visual system respond to complementary pairs of red-green, and blue-yellow colors
47
place theory
each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane
48
frequency theory
perception of a sounds frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires
49
short wavelengths
high frequency (high pitched)
50
long wavelengths
low frequency (low pitched)
51
great amplitude
loud sounds (tall waves)
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small amplitude
soft sounds (small waves)
53
consciousness
persons awareness of external events and internal sensations under condition of arousal
54
reticular activating system
network of structures including the brain stem, medulla and thalamus
55
higher level of consciousness
controlled process, most alert state of consciousness, actively focus efforts towards a goal
56
automatic process
states of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activity (lower level)
57
executive process
higher order, complex cognitive processes including thinking/planning/problem solving (higher level)
58
lower level consciousness
automatic process
59
circadian rhythms
physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a 24 hour cycle (controlled by master biological clock)
60
REM sleep
active stage of sleep during which the most vivid dreaming occurs
61
five stages of sleep
stage W, stage N1, Stage N2, Stage N3, Stage R
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stage N1
non-REM1 sleep, theta waves (light sleep)
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stage N2
non-REM2 sleep, light sleep
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stage N3
non-REM3 sleep, delta waves (slow wave sleep)
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Stage R
REM sleep
66
insomnia
inability to sleep
67
narcolepsy
sudden, overpowering urge to sleep
68
sleep apnea
when individuals stop breathing due to the windpipe failing to open or brain processes include respiration failure
69
conditioning
process of learning associations made
70
classical conditioning
learned association between two stimuli
71
operant conditioning
learned association between a behavior and a consequence
72
neutral stimulus (NS)
produces no reaction
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unconditioned response (UR)
unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus
74
conditioned stimulus (CS)
previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being pared with the unconditioned stimulus
75
conditioned response (CR)
learned response to the conditioned stimulus
76
unconditioned stimulus (US)
produces a response without prior learning
77
what are the NS, UR, CS, CR, and US of Pavlov experiment
unconditioned stimulus = food
unconditioned response = salivation
neutral stimulus = bell
conditioned stimulus = food + bell
unconditioned response = salivation
conditioned stimulus = bell
conditioned response = salivation
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extinction of classical conditioning
weakening of conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent
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aquisitim
initial learning of connection between conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
80
counterconditioning
changing the relationship between and conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response
81
aversive conditioning
repeated pairings of a stimulus with unpleasant stimulus
82
what are NS, UR, CS, CR and US in little albert experiment
neutral stimulus = rat
unconditioned stimulus = loud bang
unconditioned response = afraid of loud bang
conditioned stimulus = rat
conditioned response = albert is now afraid of rat because he associations it with loud bang
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contiguity
conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together
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contingency
conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are not only close in time but a reliable indicator guarantees that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way
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the placebo effect
NS = pill
US = medicine in pill
UR = pain relief
pill becomes CS and through learned association, pain relief becomes a CR
86
reinforcement
process by which a stimulus or event (reinforcer) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again
87
positive reinforcement
strengthens response presenting something desirable
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negative reinforcement
strengthens response removing aversive
89
punishment
consequence that decreases the likelihood the behavior will occur
90
positive punishment
weakens a response by presenting something you don't like or is aversive
91
negative punishment
weakens a response by removing something you like
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learned helplessness
organism learns that it has no control over negative outcomes
93
memory
retention of info or experience over time
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encoding
process by which info gets into memory storage
95
divided attention
concentrating on more then one activity at the same time
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sustained attention
ability to maintain attention to selected stimulus for prolonged period of time
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executive attention
directing attention to engage in higher level cognitive functioning
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levels of processing
continuing from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deep processing producing better memory
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eleboration
formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding
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sensory memory
holds info from world in its original sensory for only a instant
101
short term memory
limited capacity memory system, only holds info for 30 seconds unless strategies used to hold for longer
102
working memory
combination of components that allow us to hold info temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks
103
long term memory
relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of info for a long time
104
explicit memory (declarative memory)
the conscious recollection of info, info that can be verbally communicated
105
episodic memory
retention of info about the where, when and what of life's happenings (explicit memory)
106
semantic memory
persons knowledge about the world (explicit)
107
implicit memory (non-declarative memory)
unconscious, procedural memory/priming/classical conditioning
108
retrograde amnesia
can't remember what happened before the onset of amnesia
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anterograde amnesia
can't remember what happened after the onset of amnesia
110
serial position effect
remember items at the beginning and end of a list rather then middle of list (primacy = beginning & receny effect = end)
111
autobiographical memory
episodic memory, persons recollection of their own life experiences
112
flashbulb memory
memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery then everyday events
113
reasons for forgetting
encoding failure, storage decay, & interference
114
encoding failure
occurs when info was never entered into long term memory
115
decay theory
when we learn something new a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates
116
interference
proactive = old info hinders new info
retroactive = new info hinders old info
117
tip of tongue phenomenon
effortful retrieval that occurs when we are confident that we know something but can't quite pull it out of memory
