Exam 1

Question 1

Why should “Dinosaur” not be used as a synonym for “outdated”, “incompetent”, or “failure”?

Answer 1

It should not be used as a synonym for that because the dinosaurs were not a failure and ruled the world much longer than we have as the most successful terrestrial vertebrae.

Question 2

A scientific theory is:

Answer 2

a hypothesis that has withstood rigorous testing

Question 3

Which of these natural processes can fossils of dinosaurs help us understand?

Answer 3

evolution, population size decreases, extinction, speciation (origin of new species)

Question 4

The Principle of Inclusions states that:

Answer 4

The rock fragments that are in the larger rocks are older than what they are inclosed in

Question 5

A crystal:

Answer 5

is a substance comprised of atoms arranged into a solid geometrical structure

Question 6

Earth’s continents have moved over time, and they are still moving right now.

Answer 6

true

Question 7

Approximately what percentage of living organisms make it into the fossil record?

Answer 7

0.0001%

Question 8

If you were to ask a scientist to define evolution, he would say:

Answer 8

it is change in population gene frequencies over generations

Question 9

The anatomical direction opposite “medial” is:

Answer 9

lateral

Question 10

The spines labeled with arrows on the dinosaur to the right are on which side of its body?

Answer 10

dorsal

Question 11

what are the three keys to science?

Answer 11

observable, repeatable, falsifiable

Question 12

informal term for a theory so supported we consider is Fact

Answer 12

law

Question 13

what were the first dinosaurs?

Answer 13

eoraptor, herrerasaurus

Question 14

what skeletal diagnosis distinguish a dinosaur

Answer 14

3 or more sacral vertebrae, shoulder joint faces posterior, open hip socket, and femur with ball shaped head

Question 15

How many hole opening does Synapsids have?

Answer 15

one opening in side

Question 16

How many hole opening does Anapsids have?

Answer 16

zero openings behind the orbit

Question 17

How many hole opening does Diapsids have?

Answer 17

two openings behind the eye

Question 18

Why does all life have left handed amino acids?

Answer 18

We all have the same ancenstor, “The Grand Homology”

Question 19

a naturally occurring, inorganic, solid

Answer 19

Mineral

Question 20

An aggregate of one ore more minerals

Answer 20

Rock

Question 21

formed by cooling molten rock

Answer 21

Ingneous Rock

Question 22

formed by deposition and cementation of sediment

Answer 22

Sedimentary Rock

Question 23

searching for fossils eroding out of rock outcrops

Answer 23

Prospecting - prospect for gold

Question 24

excavating fossils out of the ground (that were found by prospecting)

Answer 24

Quarrying

Question 25

formed by recrystallization of a rock by high heat and/or pressure

Answer 25

Metamorphic rocks

Question 26

disaggregation or disintegration of rocks

Answer 26

Physical Weathering

Question 27

What are some weathering agents?

Answer 27

- rain & wind - flowing water - waves - crystal growth - Ice - plant roots

Question 28

encasing fossils in plaster casts for transport home

Answer 28

jacketing

Question 29

What are the five principles of geology?

Answer 29

Original Horizontality, Superposition, original lateral Continuity, inclusions, cross cutting relationships

Question 30

what is Principle of Superposition

Answer 30

In undisturbed sequences, the oldest layer is always at the bottom, and successively younger layer are successively higher

Question 31

what is principle of inclusions

Answer 31

rock fragments within larger rocks are older than the rock masses in which they are inclosed, dinosaur fossils

Question 32

what is Principle of cross cutting relationships

Answer 32

Any geologic features that cross-cuts another is younger than the one it is penetrating/cutting across

Question 33

what are the five stages of decay?

Answer 33

1.) Fresh 2) Bloat 3.) Active Decay 4.) Advanced Decay 5.) Dry/Remains

Question 34

what is the New Jersey state dinosaur?

Answer 34

Hadrosaurus Foulkii

Question 35

What factors have a higher preservation potential?

Answer 35

1.) organisms with hard parts 2.) smaller organisms (usually…) 3.) more abundant species 4.) species living in low elevation environments

Question 36

bones arranged in life position

Answer 36

Articulation

Question 37

bones separated from life position

Answer 37

Disarticulation

Question 38

sometimes see evidence of past life but it’s not actually part of the organism

Answer 38

trace fossil

Question 39

what are some evidence of biologic interactions

Answer 39

surface modification - bite marks - gut contents - coprolites (fossil feces) - pathologies - lesions - tumors

Question 40

before darwin, what was the common belief?

Answer 40

fixity of species

Question 41

what is fixity of species?

Answer 41

-species were created in their present form - extinction was though impossible - fossils were though to have been created directly in rock

Question 42

what kind of evolution was thought that all structures in organisms arise because of a need, or an "inner want" of the organism

Answer 42

Lamarckain Evolution

Question 43

where is the source of variation come from?

Answer 43

genetic mutations 1.) Base substitutions 2.) Gene deletions 3.) Gene duplications

Question 44

how does natural selection happen?

Answer 44

Random, Purposeless Variation is acted on by Non-Random

Question 45

What is Evolution?

Answer 45

Change in population gene frequencies over many generations

Question 46

what is directional selection?

Answer 46

species changing all at once towards one direction

Question 47

what is divergent selection?

Answer 47

two different species diverge from one

Question 48

what is stabilizing selection?

Answer 48

no further evolution is needed, the species stays the same, sharks

Question 49

what is sexual selection?

Answer 49

occurs in dimorphic species, repopulation is based on what they look like

Question 50

What is a species?

Answer 50

potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups

Question 51

what is the orientation at the top of the anatomy?

Answer 51

Dorsal

Question 52

what is the orientation at the bottom of the anatomy?

Answer 52

Ventral

Question 53

what is the orientation facing forward towards the head?

Answer 53

antierior

Question 54

what is the orientation facing backwards towards the tail?

Answer 54

posttierior

Question 55

what is the orientation facing a skull to the right

Answer 55

left lateral

Question 56

what is the orientation facing a skull to the left

Answer 56

right lateral