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BIOL102 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Forensic Science

A

application of science to the law

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2
Q

Forensic Sciences (list)

A

biology, chemistry, Behavioral sciences, physics, anthro/archae, toxicology, math, engineering, document examination, cyber technology

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3
Q

CSI (Crime Scene Investigator)

A

Usually a police officer, may(not) have science background or trained in forensic sciences

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4
Q

CSI Duties

A

how to spot/recognize/collect/preserve/document evidence

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5
Q

Chain of Custody

A

Who has access to the evidence during the investigation

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6
Q

Forensic Scientist

A

civilian, train CSI, ½ job in the lab analyzing evidence
½ job in courtroom

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7
Q

Physical Science Unit

A

chemistry, physics, geology (soil)

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8
Q

Biological Science Unit

A

blood, bodily fluids, bacteria, viruses, plants, anatomy, DNA

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9
Q

Firearms Unit

A

Weapons and bullets

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10
Q

Document Examination Unit

A

Forgery

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11
Q

Photography Unit

A

prepare graphics, diagrams, tables, etc.

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12
Q

Scientific Method (Inquiry)

A

Removes personal biases, beliefs, and preconceptions
Look at things scientifically using data

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13
Q

principles of scientific method

A

To provide a safety net to ensure that the outcome of the investigation is not tainted by human emotion or compromised by distorting, belittling or ignoring contrary evidence

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14
Q

Crime/forensics

A

formulate a question, formulate hypothesis, scientific inquiry, findings/data, trial in court

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15
Q

Scientific Method

A

Objective/purpose
Hypothesis
Methodology
Results
Conclusions

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16
Q

Scientific Measurement & Experimental Errors

A

Will always encounter errors with quantitative data
Collect a large sample size to be able to conduct experiments

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17
Q

Gross Errors

A

human blunders

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18
Q

Systemic Errors

A

errors with instruments that is consistently repeated each time a particular instrument is used

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19
Q

Crime Scene Investigation: Discovery of Crime

A

Similar to archaeology sites (timing, plan of attack, safety issues, appropriate personnel, controlling the scene, documentations

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20
Q

First Officer’s Response

A

Make sure the perpetrator is not there, tend to the injured, call for backup, secure crime scene

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21
Q

Modus Operandi

A

pattern/method of operation that the perpetrator repeatedly uses during an illegal act

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22
Q

Systemic Searches

A

Line, Grid, Zone, Spiral

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23
Q

Documentation

A

sketch and photograph scene, druggists fold (series of folding items in a bag, separate)

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24
Q

Reconstruction of the crime

A

Context/type of crime, type of crime scene

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25
Microscope
An optical instrument that uses a lens or combination of lenses to magnify an object for details
26
Reasons for its Popularity
Preparation of the sample is minimal Microscope can be used for identification Microscope: (a) non-destructive to the sample Sample quantity is very minimal Microscopy -> versatile Magnification power Compare two objects side by side Add a high-resolution camera to a microscope Link microscope to other analytical instruments
27
Compound Microscope
Maximum magnification x 450 of object Image is inverted
28
Comparison microscope
Two samples to view side-by-side To compare samples ex: bullets from the same gun
29
Polarizing microscope
Examination of minerals and metals (Soil analysis) Polarizes light Crystals birefringence = optical property of a material using a refractive index that depends on polarization and propagation of direction of light
30
Stereomicroscope
Space between the stage and objective lens is greater than compound microscopes Image is upright
31
Microspectral batometer
Measures the intensity of wavelengths in the light spectrum Absorption spectrum How light is absorbed by sample
32
Scanning electron microscope
Does not use light All previous microscopes use light Image is formed by aiming a beam of electrons into the sample and studying electron emission High magnification(low as x10 - x100,000) and resolution
33
Evidence
Anything that tends to prove or disprove something at issue Must be relevant Must be material and pertains to the particular crime being investigated and not some previous incident Must be probative, actually proves something, and has a point in the case
34
Physical Evidence
objects/things “touch and feel” Ex: hair, gun, bullet, blood, etc.
35
Nonphysical Evidence
verbal testimony about a crime or someone’s action during a crime, feelings/emotions/what someone… Ex: witness testimony (recount)
36
Real Evidence
generated by the criminal activity Found at crime scene/elsewhere and pertains to the crime Ex: bullet casing, tool impression, blood, glass, etc.
37
Demonstrative Evidence
created to help explain/clarify real evidence Produced after the crime and not by the crime Performed to illustrate the significance or value of evidence Ex: investigators collect evidence and put them together, notes, diagrams, charts, simulation
38
Known Evidence
pieces of evidence that we know belongs to an individual
39
Unknown Evidence
pieces of evidence that we don’t know who it belongs to
40
Individual Evidence
evidence arises only from one source, and features are unique Ex: bottom of shoes are worn differently “Wear and tear”, fingerprints, dna, blood, shot bullets, etc.
41
Class Evidence
arise from several sources, shared by one group Ex: groups of people, groups of clothing, shoes, plants
42
IAFIS
Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System Maintained by FBI
42
CODIS
Enables fed, state, and local crime laboratories to electronically exchange and compare DNA profiles Maintained by FBI
43
NIBIN
National Integrated Ballistics Information Network Allows firearms analysts to acquire, digitize and compare bullets and cartridges recovered from crime scenses Maintained by the bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
44
PDQ
International Forensic Automotive Paint Data Query Make and models from cars Paint evidence can be analyzed through the database Contains chemical and color information pertaining to the original automotive paints Develops and maintained by the Forensic Laboratory Services of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
45
Blood Composition - Plasma
liquid portion of blood, 55% total blood volume, 90% water Substances dissolved in plasma Proteins, nutrients, fats, hormones, salts and minerals, electrolytes, antibodies and
46
Blood Composition - Cells
45% of blood volume
47
Red Blood Cells
(RBC; erythrocytes) Transport gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) throughout our body to and from cells Inhale oxygen, RBC pumps the blood, circulates Formed in bone marrow Heme unit (hemoglobulin) No nucleus (no nuclear DNA) Lifespan ~ 120 days
48
White blood cells
(WBC; leukocytes) Immune responses Formed in lymph nodes Have a nucleus (nuclear DNA) Lifespan ~ 3-20 days
49
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Blood clotting mechanism Irregularly shaped cell fragments Lifespan ~ 5-9 days
50
Blood Groups/Types
Need same blood type, Different blood types create anti-bodies and attach to antigens clumping blood cells
51
Blood Typing
RBC - antigens ag (proteins) for specific blood type
52
Types and Antigens
O - no antugen
53
Rh Factor
negative or positive, Rh+ = presence of Rh proteins <- more prevalent Rh- = absence of Rh protein
54
Preliminary Tests - Luminol
regent, Luminol → H2O2/heme→ aminophtalate (emits light on its own), chemiluminesce Lasts for 30 secs No thickening agent added
55
Preliminary Tests -Fluorescein
Fluoresciein → H2O2/heme→ fluorescence of “bloody spots” Need to shine a short wave light Has a hickening agent added to be used on vertical surfaces
56
Confirmatory Tests - Teichmann and Takayama
Crystallizing reagent + blood (heme) = formation of tiny crystals
57
Species Determination
Immunoprecipitation typing ← species determination for human blood Hexagon OBT I - portable test for human blood Human blood - 2 lines (control and positive)
58
Geometry of Blood Stains - Surface Texture
hard/porous surface → less splatter rough surface → irregular shaped stains with serated edges
59
Shape of Blood Drop
→ direction from which it comes from → angle of impact = sinA = w/l → 48 inches or higher, all droplets have the same diameter
60
forward spatted
spatter projected outward and away from source (exit wound
61
back spatter
blood projected from source (entrance wound)

BIOL102 (2 decks)

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