Exam 1 Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
5 Characteristics of Minerals
A
naturally occurring, homogenous, solid, definite chemical composition, crystaline structure
2
Q
T/F Quartz is hard and doesn’t weather easily
A
True
3
Q
Which Mica is light colored?
A
Muscovite
4
Q
Which feldspar is Pink
A
Orthoclase
5
Q
Which feldspar is white?
A
plagioclase
6
Q
Dark, Hard mineral
A
Amphibole/hornblend
7
Q
Two main parts of Lithification
A
compaction and cementation
8
Q
What is lithification
A
how sediments become sed rocks
9
Q
3 types of Sed rocks
A
clastic, biogenic, chemical
10
Q
High or Low energy: deep marine
A
low
11
Q
High or Low energy: shoreline
A
high
12
Q
High or Low energy: lagoon
A
low
13
Q
High or Low energy: river
A
high
14
Q
High or Low energy: shallow marine
A
high
15
Q
High or Low energy:eolian
A
high
16
Q
3 main depositional environments?
A
marine, shoreline, continental
17
Q
Cross beds H or L energy?
A
high
18
Q
What depositional environment makes large cross beds?
A
Eolian
19
Q
What depositional environment makes small cross beds?
A
fluvial (stream)
20
Q
WhatDepositional environment makes ripple marks?
A
shallow water
21
Q
3 causes of metamorphism?
A
heat, pressure, chemical
22
Q
What must be present for chemical metamorphism?
A
water, temperature
23
Q
What happens to heat as you go deeper into earth’s surface?
A
increases
24
Q
3 types of metamorphism
A
Burial(regional), contact, hydrothermal
25
Alignment of minerals in meta rocks
foliation
26
Foliated or Non-foliated: slate
foliated
27
Foliated or Non-foliated: phyllite
foliated
28
Foliated or Non-foliated: schist
foliated
29
Foliated or Non-foliated: gneiss
foliated
30
Foliated or Non-foliated: marble
non-foliated
31
Foliated or Non-foliated: quartzite
non-foliated
32
Foliated or Non-foliated: metaconglomerate
non-foliated
33
protolith of slate
shale
34
protolith of phyllite
slate
35
protolith of schist
phyllite
36
protolith of gneiss
schist
37
protolith of marble
limestone
38
protolith of quartzite
sandstone
39
protolith of metaconglomerate
conglomerate
40
What does texture refer to in Igneous rocks?
crystal size
41
What does composition refer to in igneous rocks?
color
42
dark igneous composition
mafic
43
light igneous composition
felsic
44
aphanitic texture
no visible crystals
45
phaneritic texture
visible mineral crystals
46
porphyritic texture
mix of phaneritic and aphanitic
47
pegmatitic texture
huge mineral crystals
48
glassy texture
no crystals
49
vesicular texture
holes through rock
50
Why would a rock be vesicular?
gas bubbles in magma
51
felsic phaneritic rock
granite
52
4 composition categories
felsic, intermediate, mafic, ultra mafic
53
felsic aphanitic rock
rhyolite
54
intermediate phaneritic rock
diorite
55
intermediate aphanitic rock
andesite
56
Mafic phaneritic rock
gabbro
57
mafic aphanitic rock
basalt
58
granite metamorphoses to?
granite gneiss
59
basalt metamorphoses to?
green/blue schist
60
loose, mixed material covering solid rock
regolith
61
two types of weathering
mechanincal, chemical
62
5 types of mechanical weathering
pressure release fracturing, frost wedging, abrasion, organic activity, thermal expansion and contraction
63
3 types of chemical weathering
dissolution, hydrolysis, oxidation
64
the dissolving of rocks and minerals
dissolution
65
alteration of one mineral into another in the presence of water
hydrolysis
66
Soil level order (top to bottom)
O, A, E, B, C, R
67
soil level with mostly organic material
O horizon
68
Soil level containing both organic and mineral material
A horizon
69
soil level containing almost all mineral material
E horizon
70
A and E horizons make this zone
zone of leeching
71
Zone of Accumulation
B horizon
72
soil level containing the leeched components like clay, iron oxides, silica and carbonates
B horizon
73
soil level containing partially weathered parent material
C horizon
74
Soil level containing unweathered parent material
R horizon
75
6 major agents of erosion
surface water, underground water, glaciers, wind, waves, gravity
76
2 slow-moving mass wasting types
creep, solifluction
77
creep cause mass wasting
freezing thawing/ wetting drying
78
solifluction cause mass wasting
soggy mass oozing downhill
79
mass wasting where rock falls
rock fall
80
mass wasting where rock slides
rock slide
81
mass wasting where debris falls
debris fall
82
mass wasting where debris slides
slump
83
mass wasting where debris flows
debris flow
84
debris
rocks and regolith
85
how long ago was the big bang?
13.8 Ba
86
how long ago did the solar system form?
4.6 Ba
87
4 steps of history of the universe
big bang(13.8Ba), galaxies stars planets formed and sometimes destroyed, a particular red giant exploded (7Ba), solar system forms from the debris from the red giant (4.6Ba)
88
superclusters are made of?
clusters
89
clusters are made of?
galaxies
90
galaxies are made of?
stars
91
is our solar system positioned uniquely?
no
92
What arm of the milky way are we on?
Orion arm
93
what elements were created in the big bang?
hydrogen and helium
94
what elements form in stars
elements lighter than iron
95
what elements are formed in supernova
elements heavier than iron
96
what is the nebular hypothesis?
hypothesis for how our solar system formed
97
order of planets
mercury, venus, earth, mars, jupiter, saturn uranus, neptune
98
why rocky inner and gassy outer planets?
solar winds pushed lighter(gas) elements further from sun
99
why is pluto not a planet
it's too small, its orbit is too elliptical, and it isn't on the correct orbital plane
100
5 steps of earth's formation
Step 1: Accretion of cm-sized
particles via small-scale electrostatic
processes (static electricity)
Step 2: Accretion on the km scale via
physical collision
Step 3: Accretion on 10-100 km scale
via gravitational attraction
Step 4: Molten protoplanet from the
heat of accretion
Step 5: Differentiation of Earth (Light Elements Float)
101
what is the "Iron Catastrophe"
differentiation of the earth
102
Thickness of crust
7-70 km
103
Thickness of mantle
2900 km
104
radius of core
3500 km
105
main elements in crust
O, Si, Al
106
main elements in mantle
Fe, Mg
107
main elements in core
Fe, Ni
108
Two types of crust
continental, oceanic
109
elevation of continental crust
about sea level
110
elevation of oceanic crust
4000 meters below sea level
