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Psych Exam 1 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 baby temperments

A

easy babies: cheerful, relaxed, and predictable
difficult babies: irritable, cry a lot, unpredictable
slow-to-warm-up babies: shy away from new people

(unpredictable refers to feeding and sleep schedules)

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2
Q

3 factors of scientific attitude

A

curiosity, skepticism, humility

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3
Q

DNA

A

a complex molecule containing genetic info (make-up chromosomes)

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4
Q

Affects sleep patterns

A

-956 genes related to sleep patterns
-culturally and socially influenced
-bright light and blue light mess with circadian rhythm

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5
Q

Attentional Myopia

A

attentional system is short-sighted, can only focus on whats right in front of you, and feel only one emotion
-happens when drunk

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6
Q

availability of powerful examples

A

news places want $$, “if it bleeds, it leads”
-fear of car crashes vs. plane crashes

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7
Q

behavior genetics

A

study of relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

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8
Q

belief perseverance

A

we want to believe what we think even w/ contradictory evidence,
leads to confirmation bias

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9
Q

blindsight

A

a condition where you can respond to visual stimuli but not consciously expreince it
e.g. blind person navigating through obstacles

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10
Q

case studies

A

in-depth analyses of individuals
-cannot be used to generalize

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11
Q

chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules (containing the genes)

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12
Q

circadian rhythm

A

our bodies roughly sync up with the 24-hour day/night cycle
-a cycle of body temp, brain alertness
-peak times change with age

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13
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

ability to attend to only one voice within a sea of many as you chat with a party guest, but to be able to hear when someone says your name

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14
Q

collectivism (interdependent model)

A

a person is fundamentally connected to others
-group goals, group harmony > personal needs
-actions are guided by social norms and roles
-defined by societal roles

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15
Q

confounding variable

A

a factor other than the one being studied that could influence the results

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16
Q

sequential processing

A

processing one aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time
-requires focused attention on one thing at a time
-good for learning new things/solving new problems

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17
Q

Consciousness

A

subjective awareness of our environment and ourselves

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18
Q

correlation

A

behaviours or traits that often coincide with eachother

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19
Q

Correlational reserch

A

-detect naturally occurring relationships to assess how one variable predicts another
-collect data on two+ variable
-no manipulation
-cannot specify cause and effect

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20
Q

cross-cultural replication

A

examine weather findings generalize across different cultures

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21
Q

culture

A

enduring behaviors, attitudes, and traditions
e.g. practices, institutions, religion

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22
Q

dependent variable

A

the outcome that is measured
-can change depending on the independent variable

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23
Q

Descriptive research

A

-observe and record behaviors
-case studied, naturalistic observation, surveys
-no manipulation

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24
Q

double-blind procedure

A

neither staff or participants know who has placebo

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25
dual processing
information is being processed simultaneously on separate conscious (effortful processing) and unconscious (automatic learned behaviors) tracks e.g. we recognize a hummingbird but don't actively process its size, shape, and colour to identify it
26
e.g. child is genetically hyperactive and restless, invoking an angry response from parents making a stressful environment. This leads the child to not create enough of the important chemical, leading to a depressed child What is this an example of?
gene-environment interaction
27
echo-chambers and group identity
social media pages tend to be filled w/ people w/ similar political and social views as us -confirms our biases, demonizes opposers
28
effects of poor sleep
-weight gain -reduced strength and reaction time -reduced processing functions -high blood pressure, arthritis -negative moods, depression, sucide -heart diesase
29
environment
every non-genetic influence
30
environmental relatives
adoptive parents and siblings
31
epigenetics
studies molecular mechanisms that can be triggered or blocked by environment
32
Experimental research
-explores cause and effect -manipulate 1+ factors -not always feasible, may not generalize to other contexts, not always testable (unethical)
33
false/fake news
purposeful misinformation in a news format -often spreads further, better remembered
34
dizygotic twins
Fraternal twins -develop from two separate eggs -same genetic similarities as normal siblings
35
Freud on dreams
manifest (remembered) content and latent (hidden meaning) content
36
gene-environment interaction
genes can influence traits that affect responses; the environment can affect gene variability
37
genes
biochemical units of heredity (small segments found on DNA)
38
genetic heritability
the percentage of diversity in a population that is due to genetics
39
genetic relatives
biological parents and siblings
40
genome
complete instructions for making an organism Consists of all an organism's genetic info
41
heredity
genetic transfer of characteristics fro parents to offspring
42
hindsight bias
no matter what the outcome is people will say it wasn't a surprise
43
human battery life
16 hours
44
hypothesis
testable predictions formed from theories
45
illusory correlation
keeping track of, remembering events only thst confirm our beliefs
46
Inattentional blindness
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere e.g. gorilla video
47
independent variable
the variable which effect is being studied -what is changed
48
individualism (independent model)
a person is separate fundamentally from others -personal needs > group goals -actions are under personal control, guided by own needs and preferences -defined by self
49
influences of drug use
biological: genetics, variation in neurotransmitter systems psychological: lacking sense of purpose, significant stress. psychological disorders social-cultural: difficult environment, cultural acceptance of drug use, negative peer influence
50
insomnia
ongoing difficulty sleeping
51
Korsakoff syndrome
can't remember periods of day -caused by lack pf B12, a direct result of drinking
52
meta-analysis
combining the results of a study that has been repeated many times on a small scale to fine the meta data
53
molecular behavior genetics
studies molecular structure and function of genes
54
Monozygotic twins
Identical twins -develop from a single egg (genetically identical)
55
mutation
random error in gene replication that leads to a change
56
mutual constitution
creates us as we create it e.g. culture
57
narcolepsy
sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness
58
naturalistic observation
recording the natural behavior of many individuals -describes but doesn't explain
59
negative correlation
two sets of scores relate inversely (↑↓)(↓↑) -one goes up, the other down
60
night terrors
extreme nightmares
61
no correlation / no relationship
two sets of scores do not vary together at all
62
NREM 2
clearly asleep but easily wakened, bursts of rapid rhythmic brain activity (sleep spindles)
63
NREM 3 (delta waves)
Hard to awaken, large slow brain waves
64
NREM1
slip into sleep, hypnic jerks, hallucination(esqe) images
65
operational definition
carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study -defines terms -keeps you from your own biases -allows others to replicate and check the study
66
Order of sleep stages
1) waking alpha waves 2) N1 3) N2 4) N3 5) REM
67
overconfidence
people tend to think we know more than we do, we tend to be more confident than correct
68
parallel processing
processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously -enables the brain to take care of routine business -faster than conscious sequential processing
69
perceiving order in random events
humans find patterns in random data
70
placebo effect
results caused by expectation alone -effects of an assumed agent which is actually inert (placebo)
71
positive correlation
two sets of scores rise and fall together (↑↑)(↓↓)
72
post-truth
describes a world where people's emotions and beliefs often override their acceptance of facts e.g. crime rate stats vs. crime rate beliefs
73
postdiction
predicting it after it happens e.g. risky plays w/ win vs. loss
74
Psychoactive drugs
chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
75
random assignment
equal chance of being in the control or experiment group despite any differences -helps negate 3rd variable issue
76
regression toward the mean
things almost always go back to normal, average results are more typical then extreme ones
77
REM
Rapid brain waves, raised heartbeat, fast irregular breathing, eyes darting, dreams -active motor cortex but not brainstems blocks messages(paralyzed) -Genital arousal
78
repetition
statements are more believable when repeated -if enough people belive/remember something it essentially acts as a truth
79
Risks of desynchronized circadian rhythm
fatigue, stomach problems, heart disease and breast cancer
80
selection effect
we seek out peers with similar trait, attitudes and interests as us
81
Selective attention
Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimuli e.g. cocktail party effect
82
sexual over-perception bias
single men think women are more into them than they are
83
sleep apnea
stopping breathing repeatedly while sleeping
84
sleep debt
accumulation of poor sleeping habits -brain keeps accurate track of sleep 'owed' for ~2 weeks
85
sleepwalking
happens in N3
86
social scripts
people act in ways that society has taught us
87
substance use disorder
continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and physical risk
88
surveys and interviews
asking people questions -answers may not be completely honest, -wording and random sampling but representative of population are very important
89
temperament
a persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
90
The 4 dream theories
1) Information processing: process days events, consolidate memories 2) Physiological function: brain stimulation to help develop and preserve neural pathways 3) Activation Synthesis: triggers neural activity and evokes random memories that our brain weaves into stories 4) Cognitive development: content reflects our cognitive levels, simulate what ifs of life
91
The 4 dream theories
1) Information processing: process days events, consolidate memories 2) Physiological function: brain stimulation to help develop and preserve neural pathways 3) Activation Synthesis: triggers neural activity and evokes random memories that our brain weaves into stories 4) Cognitive development: content reflects our cognitive levels, simulates what-ifs of life
92
The 5 Sleep theories
1) Sleep Protects: cavemen it was safer to be asleep when it was nighttime 2) Sleep helps us recoup: a chance for the brain and body to repair, re-wire and reorganize 3) Restore and rebuild memories: sleep moves recent experiences from the hippocampus (short term) to elsewhere in the cortex (long term) 4) Sleep feeds creative thinking: eureka moments/ sleeping on it 5) sleep supports growth: the growth hormone is released during NREM3
93
theory
explains behaviours or events by offering ideas that organize observations
94
tolerance
the more often you use the more you nee to have the desired effect
95
tricks to recall dreams
awakened directly after REM and tells/writes about dreams
96
truthiness
what you feel is true without any backup e.g. people will be more inclined to say any fact paired with pictures is true compared to without them
97
W.E.I.R.D
White Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic -majority of the participants in psych studies
98
waking alpha waves
awake but relaxed state
99
what happens to rats in impoverished environments vs rats in enriching environments?
impoverished rats have way smaller brain cells then the enriched rats -gene-environment interaction (nature AND nurture)
100
use it or lose it
less traveled neural pathways weaken in disuse, the more a neural pathway is used the stronger it gets
101
epigenetic tags/markers
tags that turn on and off genes impacting the expression of a gene, but not the DNA sequence
102
causes of epigenic tags
diet, drugs, trauma, smoking, thoughts, lifestyle habits can be inherited from parents or grandparents
103
epigenome
all the epigenetic tags that mark your DNA

Psych Exam 1 (1 decks)

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