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Global Health > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of health by WHO

A

a. Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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2
Q

difference between public health and medicine

A

a. Public health = communities and populations, public service, prevention and health promotion, broad
b. Health = medicine, individual, personal service, disease treatment, emphasis on medical care

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3
Q

Global health definition

A

the goal of improving health for all nations by promoting wellness and eliminating avoidable diseases

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4
Q

health indicators

A

a. Index: consider morbidity, mortality, and disability, calculated by age, gender, and region, and allow for comparison across regions  measure burden of disease

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5
Q

eradication

A

complete removal in world, small pox

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6
Q

elimination

A

still around in some areas but don’t control in some area, polio

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7
Q

prevalence

A

commonness

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8
Q

incidence

A

occurrence, rate, or frequency of something undesirable

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9
Q

endemic

A

in a certain area

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10
Q

pandemic

A

over whole country or world

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11
Q

epidemic

A

an unexpected increase in the number of disease cases in a specific geographical area

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12
Q

life expectancy at birth

A

best is Europe, worst is Africa)

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13
Q

infant mortality

A

best is Europe, worst is Africa

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14
Q

under 5 mortality

A

best Europe, worst Africa

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15
Q

maternal mortality ratio

A

best Europe, worst US

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16
Q

neonatal mortality

A

best Europe, worst Africa

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17
Q

noncommunicable disease

A

highest in H, M, and L countries but not in the lowest countries

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18
Q

communicable diseases

A

comprise infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and measles, while non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are mostly chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and diabetes

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19
Q

HALE

A

health-adjusted Life expectancy
-Number of years a person of age can expect to live in good health
-Calculated by weighting (number of years of ill health according to severity) – (overall life expectancy)
-Accounts for morality and disability

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20
Q

DALY

A

disability – adjusted life year
-Sum of years lost due to premature death and years lived by disability
a. Premature = before life expectancy
- Has disability weight for each disease
- Years with DS * DS weight = years lived with DS
- years life lost + years lived with DS = DALYs
- YLD = DS years * DS weight
-Helps with comparison

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21
Q

demographic transition

A

o About fertility and mortality
o Shift from pattern of high fertility and high mortality to low both
o Mortality decreases due to better hygiene and nutria
a. Pop grows with younger share of pop
o Fertility decreases
o Change in women’s role
- Stage 5 = net population declines
o consequences for PH

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22
Q

epidemiologic transition

A

shift in mortality and morbidity patterns from com  noncom
o Shifting from infection (increased death and fertility) to noncom (decreased death and fertility)
o Have both during transition

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23
Q

human development index

A

4 indicators
3 dimensions
1 result = HDI

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24
Q

4 HDI indicators

A

a. Life expectancy at birth
b. Mean years of school
c. Expected years of schooling
d. Gross national income per capita

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25
3 dimensions of HDI
a. Health b. Education c. Living standards
26
Multi-dimensional poverty index
- Health a. Nutrition b. Child mortality - Education a. Year of schooling b. School attendance - Living standard a. Cooking fuel b. Sanitation c. Water d. Electricity e. Floor f. Assets
27
Relationship between ed, productivity, and health
o Health and education of parents effects health and education of kids o Malnutrition and disease affect cog development o Ed contributes to disease prevention o Good health increases longevity and life earning o Healthy workers = more productive o Costs of health care = high
28
health inequality
diff in health outcomes between diff groups, not why but outcome
29
health disparities
a type of diff in economic disadvantage
30
health inequity
health status or in the distribution of health resources between different population groups
31
rural vs urban disparity
rural is harder
32
disparities between urban areas
o High population density o Overcrowding o Lack of safe water and sanitation o Lack of education o Poor health care access o Pneumonia from sleeping in wet areas
33
definition of slum
- 3 of 5 = slum a. Durable housing b. Sufficient living space (<= 3 people per room) c. Easy access to safe water d. Access to adequate sanitation e. Security of tenure - Usually from squatter settlements (informal)
34
Universal declaration of human rights
a. Governments are obliged to respect, protect, and fulfill the rights they state b. Resource-poor countries are required to “take steps” toward realization of positive rights
35
right based approach to health
a. Assess - Assess health policies, programs, and practices in terms of impact on human rights b. Analyze - Analyze and address the health impacts resulting from violations of human rights when considering ways to improve population health c. Prioritize - Prioritize the fulfillment of human rights
36
limits to human right
a. Prohibitions on torture, on slavery, and on retroactive criminal laws
37
Patents
Intellectual property rights that grant the inventors ( pharmaceutical companies) the right to exclude others from making, selling , etc. for a period of time
38
TRIPS
1994 = Provide incentives for R & D and the use of new technologies, sets minimum standards of protection for copyrights and related rights
39
Nazi experiment
40
Tuskegee experiment
41
Willobrook
study involved a group of children diagnosed with mental retardation, who lived at the Willobrook State Hospital in Staten Island, New York.
42
nuremberg code
First document to specify ethical principles that should guide physicians engaged in human research 1. “Voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential”
43
declaration of helsinki
1964  The World Medical Association  Developed ethical principles to guide physicians conducting biomedical research on humans  Principles apply equally to non-physicians
44
US national commission for the protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research
 Identified basic ethical principles  Developed guidelines for research
45
Social value
 Scientific validity  Fair subject selection  Acceptable risk/benefit ratio  Informed consent  Respect for enrolled subjects
46
Belmont report
identifies basic ethical principles and guidelines that address ethical issues arising from the conduct of research with human subjects.
47
regional nutritional problem worst in Africa and South Asia
1. Prevalence of underweight u5 2. Prevalence of wasting, weight for height (not worst) 3. Prevalence of stunting, height for age 4. Low birthweight (not worst)
48
vA
dryness of eye, can lead to permanent blindness
49
iodine
growth on thyroid called goiter and failure to develop full intellectual potential
50
iron
anemia, associated with fatigue and weakness, pregnant  increased risk of premature death
51
zinc
growth restriction, impaired immune function, skin disorders, hypogonadism, and cog dysfunction
52
folic acid and calcium
fa in preg  neural tube defects, ca supplementation prevents hypertensive disorder
53
sodium
high sodium  hypertension  stroke and fatal coronary HD
54
added sugar
promote weight gain, type 2 diabetes, coronary HD
55
dietary fiber and refined carbs
prevent obesity, diabetes, CVD, and various cancers
56
basic causes of nutritional status
environment, tech, people, quantity and quality of actual resources
57
underlying causes at household/family level of nutri status
insufficient access to food, inadequate maternal and child care, poor water/sanitation and inadequate health services
58
immediate causes of nutri status
inadequate dietary intake, disease
59
outcomes of nutri status
child malnutri, death, and disability
60
stunting
failure to reach linear growth potential because of inadequate nutria or poor health. Height for age
61
wasting
dangerously thin, weight for height
62
undernourished
refers to those who lack sufficient energy or nutrients
63
window of opportunity
need nutri at growing points or you have serious delay
64
NPR article about breastfeeding
Less diarrhea, less lower respiratory infection
65
leading causes of neonatal death
- preterm birth - intrapartum complications - sepsis - congenital anomalies - other causes
66
post-neonatal causes of death
- other causes - pneumonia - diarrheal diseases - injury - malaria
67
Infant and u5 mortality is worse in
Africa south asia 44% of under-5 child deaths occur among neonates
68
Very cost-effective way to combat diarrhea
Oral rehydration therapy (ORT)
69
What is essential to a child's life
exclusive breast feeding
70
exclusive breastfeeding
mother’s milk has some antibodies that are crucial to the baby’s healthy development (both physically and mentally)
71
Polio near-eradication but still in
Afghanistan Pakistan Nigeria
72
Perinatal
1st week, highest risk of death
73
neonatal
first month
74
infant
first year
75
under 5
0-4, benchmark, immunity increases  If not specified, probably u-5
76
Key issues related to adolescent
Alcohol use  Unsafe sex  Lack of contraception  Iron deficiency  Illicit drug use  Unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene
77
how to address adolescent health issues
a.  Requires a life-course perspective to preventing and treating health issues  Improve educational and employment opportunities  Promote universal health coverage to improve access of adolescents  Make services more friendly to adolescents
78
reproductive and sexual health
 Pre- and post-natal care for adolescent mothers and newborns  Improve access to comprehensive contraceptive information and services  Provide sexual and reproductive health services without requiring parental involvement, especially safe abortion care
79
HIV and other STIs
 Promote awareness of risk factors  HIV testing and counselling  Voluntary medical male circumcision  PMTCT  ART  Contraceptive services
80
Mental health
 Community-based approach to psychosocial support  Management of emotional, behavioral, developmental disorders  Self-harm and suicide prevention
81
nutrition
Ensure food security and nutritional support for children  Iron and folic acid supplementation  Health education for adolescents, parents, caregivers  BMI-for-age assessment
82
tobacco and alcohol
 Raise tobacco taxes and prohibit tobacco sales to minors  Encourage total elimination of smoking and tobacco smoke in public places  Establish and enforce an appropriate minimum age for purchase and consumption of alcoholic beverages
83
road injuries
Develop and implement policies to prevent intoxicated driving Set blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits to less than 0.05g/dl for the general population and less than 0.02 g/dl for young/novice drivers Graduated licensing programs for young/novice drivers
84
social suffering
results from what political, economic, and institutional power
85
structural violence
o social forces that harm certain groups of people, producing and perpetuating inequality in health and well-being o What happened to them was out of their control  embedded o Violent because it causes pain, preventable and treatable o Goes beyond individual control
86
farmer's chapter on structural violence
* Deferential vulnerability = you’re susceptibility to disease is different based on what you are exposed to a. Colonial forces used it to their advantage b. Panama canal c. Diseases aren’t new d. Are new innovative ways to track disease e. Rotation, use the history to prep for the future f. Wreckage from the past  more to navigate

Global Health (2 decks)

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