exam 1

Question 1

shrub/bush

Answer 1

several perrenial stems, less than 13 feet tall, each stem diameter less than 3 inches

Question 2

tree

Answer 2

height is > 13 ft, DBH > 3 inches

Question 3

leaves

Answer 3

site of photosynthesis, leaf is variable because trees dont care

Question 4

twigs/branches

Answer 4

support structure for the leaves+flowers+fruits+nuts

Question 5

crown

Answer 5

creates canopy, upper part of leaves

Question 6

flower

Answer 6

site of reproduction, trees can have both female and male parts or one or the other

Question 7

fruits/seeds

Answer 7

most enclosed in fruits or nuts, need pollination

Question 8

trunk

Answer 8

transport materials and provides support

Question 9

roots

Answer 9

anchors tree, detects water+soil nutrients and transports it up

Question 10

tree structure

Answer 10

1.leaves
2.twigs/branches
3.crown
4.flower
5.fruits/seeds
6.trunk
7.roots

Question 11

trunk parts

Answer 11

1.bark (phloem)
2.cambian
3.xylem/sapwood
4.heartwood
5.pith

Question 12

bark

Answer 12

protects against herbivores, reduces water loss

Question 13

phloem

Answer 13

carries sugar/nutrients from the leaves to all parts of the tree, bidirectional

Question 14

cambian

Answer 14

underneath phloem tissue, dividing cells, outer side makes more phloem, inner side makes more xylem

Question 15

xylem/sapwood

Answer 15

carries water/soil nutrients up tree, unidirectional, youngest layer, tree rings

Question 16

heartwood

Answer 16

all cells are dead, darker because accumulating metabolites, resistant to fungi/insects

Question 17

pith

Answer 17

center of tree trunk, tendency to crack

Question 18

girdling

Answer 18

stripping bark to kill tree without cutting it down

Question 19

angiosperm

Answer 19

deciduous, fruits/nuts/seeds

Question 20

gymnosperm

Answer 20

conifers, cones/naked seeds

Question 21

woods

Answer 21

thick grove of trees

Question 22

copse

Answer 22

small group of trees

Question 23

field

Answer 23

open area of land

Question 24

park

Answer 24

large public green area

Question 25

tree definition common

Answer 25

tree crown cover more than 10%, at least .5 hectare

Question 26

hectare

Answer 26

10000 sq m, 2.5 acres

Question 27

football field area

Answer 27

1 acre

Question 28

soccer field area

Answer 28

1.8 acres

Question 29

rugby field area

Answer 29

2.5 acres

Question 30

closed forest

Answer 30

trees of various height ad must have undergrowth cover large proportion of land

Question 31

open forest

Answer 31

continuous vegetation cover but tree crowns <10%

Question 32

where are trees located

Answer 32

circles tropical region, northern hemisphere between 35 N to arctic circle

Question 33

old growth forest

Answer 33

ecosystem distinguished by old trees and elated structural attributes that may include tree size and accumulation of dead trees, many species, and complex ecosystem function

Question 34

forest structure

Answer 34

1.emergent layer 2.canopy layer 3.subcanopy layer 4.herbaceous layer (rainforest does not have) 5. litter layer

Question 35

biome

Answer 35

consists of plant formation with associated and microbial species, characterized by a range of climate conditions, has to do with latitude

Question 36

tropical latitude

Answer 36

0-23 N 0-23 S

Question 37

temperate latitude

Answer 37

23-66 N 23-66 S

Question 38

tundra latitude

Answer 38

65-90 N 65-90 S

Question 39

temperate deciduous forest

Answer 39

lots of rain (20-99) inches, long growing season (4-6 months)

Question 40

polar front

Answer 40

causes strong seasonality in temperate deciduous forests

Question 41

tropical forest

Answer 41

(wet)69-70 inches of rain per year, 11% earth's land mass, little seasonal change, poor soil, minimal tree leaf drop

Question 42

intertropical convergence zone

Answer 42

moves north, more summer, moves south, winter, controls the tropical forest

Question 43

net primary productivity

Answer 43

how much CO2 is taken up by plants from the atmosphere : how much co2 is put back into atmosphere

Question 44

what forest captures more carbon?

Answer 44

african rainforest captures more carbon than amazon 1.5x 183 tonnes

Question 45

boreal forest

Answer 45

short moisture cycle, ave. temp sub zero, very little liquid water, permafrost, poor soil, peat, only 2 layers (canopy ground)

Question 46

leaf cross section

Answer 46

1.waxy cuticle 2.upper epidermis 3. palisade mesophyll 4.lower epidermis 5.vascular bundle 6.stoma

Question 47

waxy cuticle

Answer 47

prevents water loss/sunburn

Question 48

palisade mesophyll

Answer 48

contains chlorophyll+chloroplast

Question 49

vascular bundle

Answer 49

transports water, sugar, and nutients, xylem big holes, phloem small holes

Question 50

pores/stoma

Answer 50

pairs of 2 guard cells, if leaves have a lot, lives in wet environment

Question 51

closed pore

Answer 51

2 guard cells deflate

Question 52

open pore,

Answer 52

2 guard cells inflate

Question 53

thylakoids

Answer 53

1 pancake

Question 54

granum

Answer 54

stacked pancakes

Question 55

photosynthesis

Answer 55

6CO2+6H20 --> C6H12O6+6CO2

Question 56

sunlight conditions

Answer 56

P>R, so CO2 is pulled out of atmospher, O2 put in

Question 57

dim light conditions

Answer 57

P=R, CO2 pulled out = O2 put in

Question 58

night conditions

Answer 58

R ONLY, O2 pulled out of atmosphere, CO2 put in

Question 59

why do trees turn different colors?

Answer 59

temperature, photo period, never want a freeze with leaves on

Question 60

yellow

Answer 60

xanthophylls

Question 61

orange

Answer 61

carotenoids

Question 62

red

Answer 62

anthocyanins

Question 63

what occurs to trees when more CO2?

Answer 63

die faster, more susceptible to disease