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Biology 108 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

T or F

all living organisms are composed of multiple cells?

A

False

some living organisms are single-celled

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2
Q

Place the following levels of biological organization in order from smallest to largest: atom, biosphere, cell, ecosystem, molecule, organ, organism, population, tissue.

Which is the smallest level capable of demonstrating all of the characteristics of life?

A 
atom
molecule
cell
tissue
organ
organism
population
ecosystem
biosphere

The Cell

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3
Q

Plants use the process of photosynthesis to convert the energy in sunlight to chemical energy in the form of sugar. While doing so, they consume carbon dioxide and water and release oxygen. Explain how this process functions in both the cycling of chemical nutrients and the flow of energy through an ecosystem.

A

Photosynthesis cycles nutrients by converting the carbon in carbon dioxide into sugar, which is then consumed by other organisms. Additionally, the oxygen in water is released as oxygen gas. Photosynthesis contributes to energy flow by converting sunlight into chemical energy, which is then also consumed by other organisms, and by producing heat.

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4
Q

What is the domain/kingdom?

A foot-tall organism capable of producing its own food from sunlight

A

Eukarya/Plantae

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5
Q

What is the domain/kingdom?

A microscopic, simple, nucleus-free organism found growing in a riverbed

A

Bacteria

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6
Q

What is the domain/kingdom?

An inch-tall organism growing on the forest floor that consumes material from dead leaves

A

Eukarya/Fungi

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7
Q

What is the domain/kingdom?

A thimble-sized organism that feeds on algae growing in a pond

A

Eukarya/Animalia

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8
Q

How does natural selection cause a population to become adapted to its environment over time?

A

On average, those individuals with heritable traits best suited to the local environment produce the greatest number of offspring that survive and reproduce. This increases the frequency of those traits over time. The result is the accumulation of evolutionary adaptations.

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9
Q

Best describes the logic of scientific method?

A

If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results.

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10
Q

Why is it difficult to draw a conclusion from an experiment that does not include a control group?

A

Without a control group, you don’t know if the experimental outcome is due to the variable you are trying to test or to some other variable.

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11
Q

Distinguish hypotheses from theories in science

A

Hypotheses usually are narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power.

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12
Q

________ is the core idea that unifies all areas of biology.

A

Evolution

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13
Q

Natural Selection

A

Unequal reproductive success

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14
Q

Evolution

A

Descent with modification

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15
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable idea

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16
Q

Biosphere

A

All life-supporting environments on Earth

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17
Q

How can you tell that something is alive?

A

You can tell that something is alive because it has the ability to react to its
environment

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18
Q

What are six properties common to all living things?

A 
order 
regulation
growth and development
energy utilization
reproduction
evolution.
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19
Q

What is the basic organization of life?

A

A cell

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20
Q

What are the three domains of life? What organisms does each domain include?

A

bacteria – prokaryotic
archaea - prokaryotic
eukarya – eukarya – plantae, fungi, animalia, and protista

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21
Q

What is the theory that unifies biology as a science?

A

Evolution

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22
Q

Describe the basic steps in the scientific method, using an example. Why are controls
necessary in the scientific method?

A

The basic steps in the scientific method are observations, question, hypothesis,
prediction, and test. An example of the scientific method is noticing that your car
won’t start, you think it may be your battery, you try jumping your car and you
either realize it is the battery.

Controls are necessary in the scientific method so that they can cancel out any
effects of all variables other than the one being tested.

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23
Q

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

A

A theory is a hypothesis

that has been tested multiple times.

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24
Q

An atom can be changed into an ion by adding or removing?

A

Electrons

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25
Q

An atom can be changed into a different isotope by adding or removing?

A

Neutrons

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26
Q

If you change the number of ______ the atom becomes a different element.

A

Protons

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27
Q

A nitrogen atom has 7 protons, and the most common isotope of nitrogen has 7 neutrons. A radioactive isotope of nitrogen has 9 neutrons. What are the atomic numbers and mass numbers of the stable and radioactive forms of nitrogen?

A

Nitrogen - 14
atomic number of 7
mass of 14

radioactive nitrogen - 16
atomic number of 7
mass of 16

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28
Q

Why are radioactive isotopes useful as tracers in research on the chemistry of life?

A

Organisms incorporate radioactive isotopes of an element into their molecules just as they do the nonradioactive isotopes, and researchers can detect the presence of the radioactive isotopes.

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29
Q

A sulfur atom has 6 electrons in its third (outermost) shell, which can hold 8 electrons. As a result, it forms _____ covalent bonds with other atoms.

A

2

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30
Q

What is chemically nonsensical about this structure?

H-C=C-H

A

Each carbon atom has only three covalent bonds instead of the required four.

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31
Q

Is this a chemical reaction?

Ice melts to form liquid water

A

NO

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32
Q

A polar molecule is…

A

Slightly negative at one end and slightly positive at the other end.

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33
Q

Explain how the unique properties of water result from the fact that water is a polar molecule.

A

The positive and negative poles cause adjacent water molecules to become attracted to each other forming hydrogen bonds. The properties of water such as cohesion, temperature regulation, and water’s ability to act as a solvent.

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34
Q

A can of cola consists mostly of sugar dissolved in water, with some carbon dioxide gas that makes it fizzy and makes the pH less than 7. Describe the cola using the following terms: solute, solvent, acidic, aqueous solution.

A

The cola is an aqueous solution, with water as the solvent, sugar as the main solute, and CO2 making the solution acidic.

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35
Q

The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

A

Atom

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36
Q

The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism

A

Cell

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37
Q

All the organisms inhabiting and potentially interacting in a particular area

A

Community

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38
Q

The global ecosystem; the entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; all of life and where it lives.

A

Biosphere

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39
Q

All the organisms in a given area

A

Ecosystem

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40
Q

List properties common to all living things

A

they are complex and organized
they grow and produce
they respond to stimuli
the acquire materials and use energy (metabolism)
they use DNA to store hereditary information
they have adaptations to their environment

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41
Q

The process of keeping internal conditions such as temperature constant in an organism

A

homeostasis

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42
Q

A substance that can’t be broken down into another substance by ordinary means

A

Element

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43
Q

The three components of an atom

A

Protons +
Neutrons are neutral
Electrons -

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44
Q

These orbit around the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom

A

Electrons

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45
Q

Equals the number of protons or electron in the element

A

Atomic number

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46
Q

Equals the number of protons plus its number of neutrons

A

Atomic mass

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47
Q

____ can donate an electron to another ____ or accept an electron from another ____ to become an ion

A

Atom

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48
Q

An attraction between two ions with opposite electrical charges. The electrical attraction of the opposite charges holds the ions together.

A

Ionic bond

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49
Q

An attraction between atoms that share one or more pairs of outershell electrons

A

Covalent bond

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50
Q

_____ make and break chemical bonds to form new substances.

A

Chemical bondS

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51
Q

A molecule containing polar covalent bonds

A

Polar molecule

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52
Q

The shared electrons that form the bond are shared unequally, creating partial positive and partial negative charges at opposite ends of the molecule

A

Polar covalent bond

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53
Q

A polar molecule composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom

A

water

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54
Q

A weak chemical bond formed when a partially positive hydrogen atom from one polar molecule is attracted to the partially negative atom in another molecule

A

Hydrogen bond

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55
Q

What are water’s unique properties?

A 
high specific heat
good solvent
cohesive and adhesive
polar
ice floats
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56
Q

Water-loving; pertaining to polar or charged, molecules, which are soluble in water

A

hydrophilic

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57
Q

Water-fearing; pertaining to nonpolar molecules which do not dissolve in water

A

hydrophobic

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58
Q

What makes a molecule hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Whether the compound is polar(uneven distribution of charge) or nonpolar (even distribution of charge).

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59
Q

Any solution in which water (H2O) is the solvent

A

Aqueous

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60
Q

Any aqueous solution which has a pH < 7.0

A

Acidic solution

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61
Q

An aqueous solution with a pH greater than 7.

A

basic solution

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62
Q

A measure of the relative acidity of a solution ranging in value from 0 to 14.

A

pH scare

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63
Q

______ are molecules that minimize changes in pH in an organism.

A

Buffers

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64
Q

What are the four major classes of large molecules?

A

Carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

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65
Q

______ are composed of smaller subunits (monomers)

A

Large molecules (polymers)

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66
Q

Two subunits covalently bond to each other through the loss of a water molecule in a_______

A

dehydration reaction

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67
Q

The opposite of a dehydration reaction where a molecule of water is added to break the covalent bond

A

hydrolysis

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68
Q

______ contain both carbon and hydrogen while _____ do not

A

Organic molecules

inorganic molecules

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69
Q

Include single sugars (monosaccharides) and molecules made of two or more sugar subunits (disaccharides, polysaccharides)

A

Carbohydrates

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70
Q

The function of _____ is to store energy

A

disaccharides

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71
Q

A carb polymer consisting of many monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds

A

polysaccharide

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72
Q

What are the two main types of polysaccharides?

A

storage and structural

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73
Q

A large polysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers linked into cable-like fibrils that provide structural support in plant cell walls. Cellulose cannot be digested by animals.

A

cellulose

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74
Q

A tough, protective, semitransparent substance, primarily a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide, forming the principal component of arthropod exoskeletons and the cell walls of certain fungi.

A

Chitin

75
Q

Describe the “anatomy” of an atom

A

an atom consists of subatomic particles including protons, electrons, and neutrons. The atom has a central core called the nucleus – I have always thought of the nucleus as the “brain” or “heart” of an atom. The reaction between protons and electrons causes levels of electrical charge and, in my mind, I picture them moving around as if in a lighting and thunder storm.

76
Q

the number of protons in an atom which determines the element

A

atomic number

77
Q

a subatomic particle with a single unit of positive electrical charge

A

proton

78
Q

is electrically neutral or has no electrical charge

A

neutron

79
Q

a subatomic particle with a single unit of negative electrical charge

A

electron

80
Q

forms of an element that differ in mass

A

isotope

81
Q

What are four differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

The four differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are: Prokaryotes are older, usually smaller and simpler in structure. The biggest difference is that eukaryotic cells have organelles.

82
Q

Name three differences between animal and plant cells.

A

Three differences between animal and plant cells are: Plant cells have chloroplasts, a protective cell wall outside the plasma membrane, and plant cells have a central vacuole.

83
Q

The ________ of a cell separates the cell from its environment, is composed of phospholipids and proteins. Phospholipids spontaneously form a double layer because the head is hydrophilic and the tail is hydrophobic.

A

plasma membrane

84
Q

The function of the ________ is to separate the living cell from its nonliving environment.

A

plasma membrane

85
Q

An ________ is a membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function within the eukaryotic cell.

A

organelle

86
Q

provides protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

87
Q

responsible for cellular respiration

A

mitochondria

88
Q

helps form the endomembrane system and produces proteins and lipids

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

89
Q

stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Golgi apparatus

90
Q

promote movement by a coordinated back and forth motion

A

cilia

91
Q

membrane-enclosed sac that contains digestive enzymes and breaks down food so that the cell can use it

A

Lyosomes

92
Q

The functions of the _________ are to provide mechanical support and maintain shell shape and help the cells change shape.

A

cytoskeleton

93
Q

The _________ contains several types of fibers made from different types of protein.

A

cytoskeleton

94
Q

What is the difference between kinetic energy and potential energy?

A

Kinetic energy is created by movement and potential energy is energy that is stored but not being used.

95
Q

Is chemical energy considered kinetic or potential energy?

A

Chemical energy is considered potential energy because it is stored.

96
Q

What is ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate.

97
Q

The function of ATP

A

act as an energy source for cells.

98
Q

speeds up the chemical reaction

A

Enzymes

99
Q

factors that affect enzyme activity include ____ and ____

A

temperature and pH

100
Q

the enzyme choosing which molecules it wants to select

A

Substrate

101
Q

embraces the substrate and catalyzes the reaction

A

Active site

102
Q

What is diffusion

A

Diffusion is the random movement of molecules spreading out into open space. An example of diffusion would be removing a cap from any type of container allowing the molecules to escape. Another example would be “diffusers” that you can buy in the store to help your house smell nice. They use the same concept.

103
Q

is the diffusion of water across a permeable membrane

A

osmosis

104
Q

If an animal cell is in a hypotonic solution, what happens to the cell?

A

The cell fills with water, swells, and could burst.

105
Q

What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

A

Endocytosis is when cells expel proteins and endocytosis is when the cell takes material in.

106
Q

Monomers are joined together to form larger polymers through _____ reactions

A

dehydration

107
Q

Polymers are broken down into the monomers that make them up through the chemical reaction called _______

A

hydrolysis

108
Q

_______ includes polysaccharides, monosaccharides, and disaccharides

A

carbohydrates

109
Q

One molecule of dietary fat is made by joining three molecules of _____to one molecule of ______

A

fatty acid

glycerol

110
Q

____ contains the maximum number of hydrogens along hydrocarbon tails

A

saturated fats

111
Q

humans and other animals cannot digest wood because they _____

A

lack the enzyme needed to break down cellulose

112
Q

changing one amino acid within a protein could change what about a protein

A

the primary structure
the shape of the protein
the function of the protein

113
Q

Where within the overall three-dimensional shape of a protein would you most likely find hydrophobic amino acids

A

the interior of a protein, far from the watery environment

114
Q

a shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture

A

DNA

115
Q

A glucose molecule is to ____ as a ______ is to a nucleic acid

A

starch

nucleotide

116
Q

three similarities between DNA and RNA

A

both are polynucleotides
both have the same phosphate group along the backbone
both use A, C, and G bases

117
Q

three differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA uses T while RNA uses U as a base
the sugar differs between them
DNA is usually double-stranded while RNA is usually single-stranded

118
Q

if you wanted to film the movement of chromosomes during cell division, the best choice for a microscope would be a ______

A

light microscope because the specimen must be kept alive

119
Q

if a section of a large spherical cell is 0.3 mm in diameter, the nucleus is about one-fourth as wide. what is the diameter of the nucleus in micrometers

A

about 0.075 mm

120
Q

if you are looking at an unknown cell what might you see that would tell you whether the cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic

A

a nucleus

121
Q

how do the words fluid mosaic decribe the structure of a membrane

A

a membrane is fluid because its components are not locked into place. It’s mosaic because it contains a variety of embedded proteins

122
Q

Includes rough ER, smooth ER and the Golgi apparatus

A

endomembrane system

123
Q

The ER has two distinct regions that differ in structure and function. Lipids are synthesized within the ______, and proteins are synthesized within the _______

A

smooth ER

rough ER

124
Q

two similarities in the structure or function of chloroplasts and mitochondria

A

both organelles use membranes to organize enzymes

both provide energy to the cell

125
Q

two differences in the structure or function of chloroplasts and mitochondria

A

chloroplasts us pigments to capture energy from sunlight in photosynthesis - mitochondria release energy from glucose using oxygen in cellular resperation
chloroplasts are only in photosynthetic plants and protists whereas mitochondria are in almost all eukaryotic cells

126
Q

the function of ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

127
Q

the function of microtubules

A

movement

128
Q

the function of mitochondria

A

cellular respiration

129
Q

the function of chloroplasts

A

photosynthesis

130
Q

lysosomes

A

digestions

131
Q

what order represents the flow of genetic information from the DNA through the cell

A 
nucleus
nuclear pores
ribosomes
rough ER
Golgi apparatus
132
Q

the bonds that join fatty acids to glycerol are ______ bonds and they are formed by ________ reactions

A

covalent

dehydration

133
Q

steriods are _____

A

lipids

134
Q

_____ is made of chains of amino acids

A

protein

135
Q

______ form proteins by joining covalent bonds call peptide bonds, in dehydration reactions

A

amino acids

136
Q

a protein’s _______ determines how it will function

A

conformation (3-D shape)

137
Q

_____ is when a protein unravels and loses its normal conformation

A

denaturation

138
Q

______ can happen in response to changes in the physical and chemical conditions in the environment like temperature or pH

A

denaturation

139
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acids

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic Acid)

140
Q

______ are made from subunits called nucleotides

A

nucleic acids

141
Q

____ is made of two strands of nucleotides

A

DNA

142
Q

_____ is made of only one strand of nucleotides

A

RNA

143
Q

what is the molecular structure of nucleotides

A

they have a phosphate group
a base
and a sugar

144
Q

All ______ are composed of one or more cells

A

organisms

145
Q

all ______ are surrounded by a plasma membrane, use DNA to store genetic material, contain cytoplasm, and obtain energy and nutrients from their environment

A

cells

146
Q

______ have hydrophilic “heads’ and hydrophobic “tails” and they arrange into a double layer when surrounded by water

A

phospholipid molecules

147
Q

The proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer can have various functions depending on their structure, including _______

A

transport proteins, receptor proteins, and recognition proteins

148
Q

_____ exhibit selective permeability, allowing certain molecules to pass but not others.

A

Plasma membranes

149
Q

_____ cells are smaller, simpler and lack a nucleus, lack all organelles besides ribosomes

A

prokaryotic

150
Q

_____ cells are larger, more complex, have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

A

eukaryotic

151
Q

bacteria and archaea are _____ cells

A

prokaryotic

152
Q

plants, animals, fungi, and protists are _____ cells

A

eukaryotic

153
Q

____ are protein factories of the cell, manufacturing proteins according to the instructions in DNA

A

ribosomes

154
Q

________ manufactures and processes lipids and detoxifies waste products

A

endoplasmic reticulum

155
Q

The ______ is the “shipping and receiving” center of the cell, sorting, altering, and packaging molecules

A

Golgi apparatus

156
Q

_____ and ____ convert energy from one form to another

A

chloroplasts and mitochondria

157
Q

_____ are vesicles filled with digestive enzymes that break down old organelles or extra molecules for recycling

A

lysosomes

158
Q

_____ regulate water and store substances

A

vacuoles

159
Q

_____ is a network of protein fibers that helps maintain cell shape and plays a role in cell movement, organelle movement, and cell division

A

cytoskeleton

160
Q

_____ is the capacity to perform work, or to move matter in a direction it would not move if left alone

A

energy

161
Q

_____ and ____ are the two main forms of energy

A

kinetic and potential

162
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

163
Q

second law of termodynamics

A

in all energy exchanges, if no energy enters or leaves the system, the potential energy of the state will always be less than that of the initial state.

164
Q

______ is a measure of disorder, or randomness. One form of disorder is heat, which is random molecular motion.

A

entropy

165
Q

____ is an ending material in a chemical reaction

A

product

166
Q

____ is a starting material in a chemical reaction

A

reactants

167
Q

all reactions require an initial input of energy called the energy of _____

A

activation

168
Q

_____ is the total of all the chemical reactions in an organism

A

metabolism

169
Q

____ is the part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches typically a pocket or groove on the enzyme’s surface

A

active site

170
Q

____ is a protein that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process

A

enzyme

171
Q

____ a specific substance on which an enzyme acts or a surface in which an organism lives

A

substrate

172
Q

enzymes speed up reactions by _______

A

lowering the energy of activation

173
Q

___ is a substance that dissolved in a solution

A

solute

174
Q

____ is a liquid consisting of a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

A

solution

175
Q

____ is the dissolving agent in a solution

A

solvent

176
Q

____ an increase or decrease in the density of a chemical substance within a given region

A

concentration gradient

177
Q

diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion are all type of _______

A

passive transport

178
Q

A _____ solution has the greater concentration of solutes

A

hypertonic

179
Q

A ___ solution is the one with the lower concentration of solutes

A

hypotonic

180
Q

_____ solution has the same solute concentration as another solution

A

isotonic

181
Q

____ is the spontaneous movement of particles of any kind down a concentration gradient

A

diffusion

182
Q

_____ is the passage of a substance across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient aided by specific transport proteins

A

facilitated diffusion

183
Q

___ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis

Biology 108 (5 decks)

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