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Systemic Path > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the largest organ in the body

A

skin

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2
Q

what are the three layers of the skin

A

epidermis
dermis
panniculus

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3
Q

what are the functions of the skin

A

protective barrier
regulates temp and blood pressure
produces vit D
sensory organ
stores nutrients
absorptive surface
innate and adaptive immunity

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4
Q

what kind of epithelium is the epidermis

A

stratified squamous with keratinocytes

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5
Q

how long for renewal in the haired skin

A

one month

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6
Q

what are the layers of Strat squam

A

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum (in non haired)
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

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7
Q

what is in the stratum spinosum

A

desmosomes

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8
Q

what cells are in the epidermis

A

melanocytes
langerhans cells
merkel cells

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9
Q

what are the melanocytes

A

in the basal layer and then lower s. spinosum
melanin

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10
Q

what are the langerhans cells

A

bone marrow-derived cells of monocyte-macrophage lineage
antigen presenting cells

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11
Q

merkel cells

A

neuroendocrine cells in the basal layer
regions of the body with high tactile sensitivity (digits and lips)
likely related to paracrine or autocrine control of keratinocytes or hair follicles

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12
Q

what is the difference between haired and non haired dermal epidermal junction

A

in non hair there are papillae that confers resistance to shearing

in haired skin, the junction is smooth

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13
Q

basement membrane zone layers

A

basal cells
basement membrane
dermis

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14
Q

where are the the hemidesmosomes

A

basal cells

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15
Q

what type of collagen is in the lamina densa

A

collagen type IV

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16
Q

what are adnexal structures

A

hair follicles
sebaceous glands
apocrine glands

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17
Q

what are the functions of the panniculus

A

adipose tissue
flexibility
insulation
shock absorption in footpads

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18
Q

hair cycle

A

anagen: growing stage
catagen: transitional phase
telogen: resting stage
exogen: old hair shedding

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19
Q

what kind of hair follicles do cattle and horses have

A

evenly distributed simple follicles

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20
Q

what kind of hair follicles do pigs have

A

simple follicles in clusters

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21
Q

what kind of hair follicles do dogs, cats, and goats have

A

compound follicles composed of primary follicles and smaller secondary follicles

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22
Q

what kind of hair follicles do sheep have

A

simple follicles in hair areas and compound in wool areas

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23
Q

what are sinus hairs

A

tactile hairs
simple follicles with blood-filled sinus between the inner and outer layers of the dermal shealth

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24
Q

what glands are open into the hair follicles

A

sebaceous glands

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25
Q

what glands are modified sebaceous glands in the perianal

A

hepatic (perianal) glands

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26
Q

what sweat glands are open in the superficial part of hair follicles and what species are they common in

A

apocrine
everything except carnivores and pigs

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27
Q

what sweat glands are directly open in the epidermis and limited to the footpads of dogs and cats

A

eccrine gland

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28
Q

what are the anal sac glands

A

apocrine glands

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29
Q

what are the innate immunity host defense of the skin

A

stratum corneum barrier
macrophages (dendritic cells)
toll signaling pathways
macrophages and neutrophils

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30
Q

what are the players in adaptive immunity of the skin

A

langerhans
t lymphocytes
b lymphocytes
keratinocytes

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31
Q

what do langerhans’ cells do

A

ingest and process antigen, migrate to the regional ln to present antigen to waive t lymphocytes

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32
Q

what are the type of t lymphocytes in the skin

A

CD8: recognize and kill infected cells
CD4 TH1: activate macrophages cell mediate immunity
CD4 TH2 active b lymphocytes, humoral immunity

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33
Q

what do the b lymphocytes in the skin do

A

secrete immunoglobulin

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34
Q

what do the keratinocytes in the skin

A

produce cytokines and growth factors up-regulating or down-regulating inflammation and immune responses

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35
Q

what is acantholysis

A

detachment of epidermal cells, breakdown of intracellular bridges, formation of intraepidermal vesicles
detached within the vesicle are called acantholytic cells

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36
Q

what is acanthosis

A

increased thickness of the stratum spinosum due to hyperplasia or hypertrophy

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37
Q

what is loss of hair called

A

alopecia

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38
Q

what is atopy

A

hypersensitivity state subject to hereditary influences

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39
Q

what is ballooning degeneration

A

refers to a specific degenerative change in epidermal cells characterized by swollen, pale eosinophilic cytoplasm w/ intracellular edema w/o vacuolation

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40
Q

calcinosis

A

abnormal deposits of Ca in tissue as in calcinosis cutis and calcinosis circumscripta

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41
Q

what is a callus

A

exaggerated hyperkeratosis in a localized area over a pressure point

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42
Q

what is comedo

A

accumulation of keratin and dried sebum in a dilated pilosebaceous orifices

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43
Q

what is a crust

A

dired exudates on the skin surface, composed of secretion

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44
Q

what is dysplasia in the skin

A

some abnormality in cell maturation process and morphology or the relationship between cells in epithelial structures
loss of normal stratification of the epidermis has the connotation of possible progression to neoplasia

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45
Q

epidermal collarette

A

flat to minimally elevated ring of scale that enlarges peripherally

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46
Q

epidermolysis

A

separation of the epidermis and dermis with the formation of sub epidermal clefts and blisters

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47
Q

eruption

A

a rapid development of primary lesions of the skin

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48
Q

erythema

A

redness produced by capillary dilation and congestion

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49
Q

excoriation

A

superficial linear erosion or ulcer caused by scratching and rubbing

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50
Q

exocytosis

A

migration of inflammatory cells and/or erythrocytes through the intercellular spaces of the epidermis

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51
Q

exophytic

A

growing outward from the skin surface

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52
Q

endophytic

A

growing inward from the skin surface

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53
Q

fissure

A

deep linear defect from the epidermis to the dermis

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54
Q

folliculitis

A

inflammation of hair follicles

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55
Q

furuncle

A

follicular abscess, boil, ruptured folliculitis

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56
Q

hyperkeratosis

A

thickening of the stratum corneum due to an increased number of keratinized cells

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57
Q

orthokeratosis

A

a form wherein the nuclei are lost

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58
Q

hypertrichosis

A

presence of more or less than normal amount of hair

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59
Q

lichenification

A

thickening of skin with exaggeration of normal markings. consists of acanthuses, hyperkeratosis and dermal fibrosis

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60
Q

lichenoid

A

grossly refers to flat-topped papules

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61
Q

macule

A

a flat, circumscribed, alteration in skin color or texture
may be pale hyperpigmented or erythematous

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62
Q

nodule

A

a large papule >1cm

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63
Q

papule

A

circumscribed palpable elevation of skin less than 1 cm

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64
Q

parakeratosis

A

subset of hyperkeratosis with retention of nuclei in keratinized cells

65
Q

patch

A

macule greater than 2cm in diameter

66
Q

plaque

A

flat-topped nodule

67
Q

pustule

A

small circumscribed epidermal or dermal accumulation of purulent exudate

68
Q

pyoderma

A

purulent dermatitis

69
Q

scab

A

common word for crust

70
Q

scale

A

flake of abnormal or compacted cornfield epithelial cells

71
Q

seborrhea

A

a functional disturbance of sebaceous glands or of lipid metabolism of the epidermis. accompanied by abnormal keratinization processes

72
Q

spongiosis

A

widening of intercellular spaces due to intercellular epidermal edema

73
Q

vesicle

A

a small circumscribed elevation of epidermis caused by accumulation of clear fluid within or beneath the epidermis

74
Q

wheal

A

sharply circumscribed skin elevation produced by edema of the superficial dermis

75
Q

what are the pustular diseases

A

impetigo
superficial spreading pyoderma

76
Q

what is impetigo

A

staph intermeidus
exfoliative toxins
young dogs
pustules
papules

77
Q

superficial spreading pyoderma

A

dogs
staph intermedius
exfoliative toxin
secondary to canine atopic dermatitis
large erythematous macule with peripheral collarettes

78
Q

vesicular and bulbous diseases

A

pemphigus foliaceus
pemphigus vulgaris

79
Q

pemphigus foliaceus

A

autoimmune disease
sub corneal or subfranular vesicles
dorsal muzzle, planum nasale
bilaterally symmetrical

80
Q

what is affected during pemphigus foliaceus

A

desmocollin 1
desmoglein 1

81
Q

pemphigus vulgaris

A

rare and severe
ulcerative autoimmune disease
oral cavity and mucocutaneous junctions

82
Q

what protein is an autoantibody against in pemphigus vulgaris

A

demoglein 3

83
Q

diseases at the interface between dermal and epidermal

A

cutaneous (discoid) lupus erythematosus
systemic lupus erythematosus

84
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

A

rare multi systemic autoimmune disease
fever, poly arthritis, proteinuria, neutropenia, CNS
erythema, crusting, depigmentation, alopecia
face ears and distal extremities
purebred cats predisposed

85
Q

cutaneous (discoid) lupus erythematosus

A

relatively uncommon
restricted to the face particularly the nasal planum
bilaterally symmetrical
depigmentation and scaling
later alopecia and crusting
basal cell vacuolar degeneration and apoptosis

86
Q

what are necrotizing epidermal diseases

A

erythema multiforme
toxic epidermal necrolysis
superficial necrolytic dermatitis
burns

87
Q

erythema multiforme

A

immune mediated
cytotoxic T cells leading to keratinocyte apoptosis
erythematous macules or slightly elevated papules
ventrum, footpads, pinnae
drug eruption due to penicillins, cephalosporins

88
Q

toxic epidermal necrolysis

A

very rare but life threatening
bulbous detachment of epidermis
facial skin, mucocutaneous junctions, footpads, widespread
drug eruption

89
Q

superficial necrolytic dermatitis

A

uncommon disorder in dogs
metabolic or hepatic diseases
erosions and thick crusting on and around footpads, mucocutaneous junctions but also in the pinnae, elbows, ventral thorax, scrotum and vulva
strikingly bilaterally symmetrical
French flag look

90
Q

what is the French flag

A

crust and parakeratosis
intra and intercellular edema of superficial keratinocytes
hyperplastic basal layer and supra basal keratinocytes

91
Q

burns

A

thermal and chemical
full-thickness coagulative necrosis of epidermis and superficial dermis

92
Q

what are hyper plastic diseases of the epidermis

A

acral lick dermatitis
malassezia dermatitis

93
Q

acral lick dermatitis

A

relatively common in dogs
extremities
persistent licking or chewing

94
Q

malassezia dermatitis

A

a yeast overgrowth
erythema, greasy, crusting, alopecia, lichenification
ventral surfaces, pinnae, interdigit
pruritic
epidermal hyperplasia, parakeratosis, lymphocytic and eosinophilic dermatitis

95
Q

what are perivascular and vascular diseases

A

hypersensitivity dermatitis
atopic dermatitis
allergic contact dermatitis
septic vasculitis

96
Q

nodular diseases of the dermis

A

infectious nodular diseases
non-infectious nodular diseases

97
Q

what are the causes of folliculitis

A

superficial bacterial folliculitis
dermatophytosis (ringworm)
demodicosis

98
Q

insect bite hypersensitivity

A

most common hypersensitivity in dogs
dorsal lumbosacral, caudomedial aspect
cats have around the neck and can be generalized

99
Q

culicoides hypersensitivity in horses

A

usually more than 2 years old
tail base, withers, head

100
Q

atopic dermatitis

A

genetically predisposed
percutaneous absorption and inhalation
second most common hypersensitivity
1-3 year old first signs
face, footpads, pinnae, ventrum

101
Q

allergic contact dermatitis

A

chemicals
typically hairless skin

102
Q

septic vasculitis

A

cutaneous septic and coagulative necrosis
erysipethrix in piggies

103
Q

infectious nodular diseases

A

FeLV FIV
actinomycosis and nocardiosis
leprosy
mycobacterial
blast, Histo, coccidioidomycosis
sporotrichosis
cutaneous pythiosis and habronemiasis

104
Q

feline leprosy

A

mycobacterium
nodular lesions
acid fast staining
extremities and loves cold temp

105
Q

equine pythiosis (swamp cancer)

A

in the southern states
most common along mississippi
fungus in the water that enters open wound
leg is common

106
Q

habronemiasis

A

habronema
larva that gets surrounded by eosinofils
penis often affected

107
Q

feline eosinophilic granuloma complex

A

rodent ulcer on the lip
eosinophilic collagenolytic granuloma
linear ulcerated granulomas

108
Q

plasma cell pododermatitis

A

cat paws with the skin sloughed off

109
Q

superficial bacterial folliculitis

A

staph intermedius
number one cause

110
Q

dermatophytosis (ringworm)

A

dogs: microsporum canis
cats: m. canis
horses: trichophyton
pigs. M. nanum
cattle: trichophyton
follicular papules

111
Q

demodicosis

A

deep folliculitis and furunculosis
demodex canis in dogs
d. cati in cats

112
Q

what are the diseases of the panniculus

A

post rabies vaccination
post injection
idiopathic sterile nodular
traumatic
feline pansteatitis
pancreatic panniculitis

113
Q

post rabies vx panniculitis

A

relatively common
alopecic macule, no visible inflammation, hyperpigmentation
2-3 months after vx
aluminum adjuvant
ischemic lesions in the dermis

114
Q

postinjection panniculitis

A

uncommonly in cats and rarely in dogs
necrotizing and granulomatous panniculitis and deep dermatitis
no follicular atrophy

115
Q

idiopathic sterile nodular panniculitis

A

mini daux
multiple SQ nodules, ulcerations and fistulation

116
Q

traumatic panniculitis

A

quite common
focal ischemia caused by blunt trauma or chronic pressure
focal firm SQ nodule
lobular fat necrosis with fibrosis

117
Q

feline pansteatitis

A

rare
severe deficiency of vit E
exclusive feeding of canned red tuna

118
Q

pancreatic panniculitis

A

very rare in dogs and cats
pancreatic neoplasia, pancreatitis
intravascular release of pancreatic enzymes
localized SQ nodules, ulceration

119
Q

what are the 6 most common canine skin neoplasms

A

lipoma
sebaceous adenoma
cutaneous histiocytoma
mast cell tumor
hepatoid gland adenoma
soft tissue spindle cell sarcoma

120
Q

mast cell tumor canine

A

most common malignant tumor in dogs
cutaneous
boxers
erythematous, alopecia edematous
eosinophils

121
Q

cutaneous histiocytoma

A

the most common tumor in young dogs
button tumor
solitary
head and pinnae
langerhans cells
spontaneously regress in most cases

122
Q

other histiocytic tumors in dogs

A

reactive histiocytosis
histolytic sarcoma

123
Q

lipoma

A

common benign tumor of fat
slow growing
FNA
differential of infiltrative lipoma

124
Q

sebaceous adenoma

A

very common in dogs
solitary and frequently multiple
wartlike
less than 1 cm
head, limbs, trunk, eyelids

125
Q

hepatiod gland adenoma

A

perianal
modified sebaceous galnd
only in canines
8-13 yo
intact male
androgen influence
differentiate from perianal gland carcinoma

126
Q

soft tissue spindle cell carcinoma

A

diverse
fibrosarcoma
nerve health tumor
hermangiopericytoma

127
Q

papilloma

A

virus induced
usually resolve spontaneously
virus in the basal layer so must have an entry route

128
Q

melanocytoma

A

benign tumor of melanocytes
common in dogs
mid age
hyperpigmentation

129
Q

what is the general rule with melano—-

A

haired skin benign
mucocutaneous junctions malignant

130
Q

melanoma

A

malignant tumor of melanocyte
common in dogs
older
unpigmanted possible
melan A immunohisto

131
Q

cutaneous lymphoma

A

epitheliotropic
T cell origin
30% or more body coverage
immunohistochemistry CD3+

132
Q

anal sac carcinoma

A

apocrine gland
uncommon in dogs
female
differential is hepatic gland tumors
hypercalcemia
likes to metastasize
prog poor

133
Q

hemangioma

A

benign tumor of blood vessel
common in dogs
slow growing

134
Q

hemangiosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of blood vessel
less common in cats
intradermal hemangiosarcoma less agressive
SQ is agressive

135
Q

hair follicle tumors

A

mostly benign

136
Q

what are the 4 most common feline skin neoplasms

A

squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell tumor
vaccine-associated fibrosarcoma
mast cell tumor

137
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

sun-damaged skin
white cats
pinnae, eyelids
locally invasive

138
Q

basal cell tumor

A

common in cats
siamese
head neck nasal planum
well circumscribed and firm
slow growing
mostly benign

139
Q

vx associated fibrosarcoma

A

aggressive with high mortality
inflammation: lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages
aluminum in adjuvant
highly recurrent

140
Q

mast cell tumor in cats

A

mostly benign
head
few are malignant

141
Q

most common skin tumors in horses

A

sarcoid
SCC
Melanoma
papilloma

142
Q

what are causes of alopecia

A

congenital anomaly
follicular dysplasia
ischemia
inflammation
hormonal imbalance
seasonal and physiological
pathological and idiopathic growth arrest

143
Q

congenital alopecia

A

genetic
sphinx, Chinese crested

144
Q

cyclical flank alopecia

A

northern regions
unknown etiology
hair loss in the late fall to early spring
regrowth by late spring
bilateral symmetry
darker hairs
witches feet

145
Q

color dilution alopecia

A

hereditary
color-diluted
dobie, daux, dreat dane
plaque with folliculitis

146
Q

alopecia X

A

adrenal sex hormone imbalance
pomeranian
plush coated dogs
between 9mo-2yo
slowly progressive, markedly bilateral
starting from friction
hyperpigmentation

147
Q

postclipping alopecia

A

lack of hair regrowth
sled dog breeds
prolonged telogen phase
6-12 months
follicular dysplasia on biopsy

148
Q

traction alopecia

A

ischemic damage to the follicles
irreversible

149
Q

telogen effluvium

A

rare
widespread alopecia
serious illness
hairless telogen–> follicular atrophy

150
Q

alopecia areata

A

autoimmune t cells
common in humans
selective and reversible damage to anagen follicles
no visible inflammation
bilateral

151
Q

post rabies vx panniculitis

A

common
poodles
rabies antigen in the vascular wall–> vasculitis–> ischemic dermatopathy
2-3 months after vx
revx NOT recommended

152
Q

demodicosis

A

d. canis
not contagious
pruritic
mild and self limiting

153
Q

generalized demodex

A

severe and life threatening
immunological incompetence
face, legs, trunk, paws

154
Q

dermatophytosis

A

microsporum canis
folliculitis
direct contact
usually self limiting
face and forelegs
zoonotic

155
Q

hypothyroidism

A

most common endocrinologic skin disease in dogs
bilaterally symmetrical truncal alopecia
friction areas
thyroid is known for stimulating the anagen phase

156
Q

what is myedema

A

droopy face

157
Q

hyperglucocorticoidism

A

endogenous and iatrogenic
bilaterally symmetrical
comedones, calcinosi cutis

158
Q

canine Sertoli cell tumor-associated skin disease

A

male feminizing hormone
cryptorchid
bilaterally symmetrical alopecia in the perineal regions

159
Q

canine female hyperestrogenism

A

Cystic ovaries or functional ovarian tumor
Shares many features with Sertoli cell tumor-associated skin disease
Skin changes in about 50% of cases
Thin skin ( >50%)
Fragile skin - easily ripped!!!
English and French Bulldogs
Biopsy

Systemic Path (1 decks)

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