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VET 402 Heme, Lymph, Coag > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma components

A

Proteins (albumin, globulins)
Electrolytes (cations/anions)
Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, triglycerides, amino acids)
Metabolic ‘by-products’ (urea, creatinine, bilirubin)
Signaling molecules (hormones, cytokines, growth factors)

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2
Q

Serum components

A

Clotted plasma
Clotting factors not present in serum
Used up to coagulate blood (ex: fibrinogen)

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3
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells
Primary function: deliver oxygen
Most abundant
Enucleated in mammals

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4
Q

Platelets

A

Blood coagulation
Second most abundant
Enucleated granules (mammals)
Smaller than RBCs, round/elliptical, clear cytoplasm

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5
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Nucleated platelets (non-mammalian)
Similar functions to platelets
Clear to slightly blue cytoplasm, may contain 1-3 small reddish granules in some species

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6
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells
Protection from exogenous (ex: infectious) and endogenous (ex: cancer) harmful agents
Least abundant

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7
Q

Erythrocyte shapes across species

A

Normal - biconcave discs
Dog - more typical appearance, largest
Cat - little central pallor, smaller
Goat - tiny, make leukocytes look large
Camelids - elliptical
Deer - “sick shape” when exposed to air (artifact)
Non-mammalians - nucleated

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8
Q

Granulocytes or PMNs (polymorphonuclear)

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
(segmented nuclei)

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9
Q

Mononuclear cells

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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10
Q

How blood clots/coagulates

A

Upon removal from vessels
Platelets, coagulation proteins (thrombin), & calcium ions

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11
Q

2 ways to inhibit clotting process

A

Substances that bind calcium (EDTA, sodium citrate for coagulation testing, several citrate containing solutions for transfusions)
Occasionally by inhibition of clotting proteins (heparin) - frequently used to collect blood from very small animals for hematologic and plasma chemistry analysis (provides accurate values for most chemical analyses)

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12
Q

Hematocrit tubes

A

Anti-coagulated blood centrifuged
Separates into 3 distinct layers:
Plasma, buffy coat (white - platelets, leukocytes), erythrocytes (dark red)

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13
Q

Neutrophils

A

Most common leukocyte in most species
Larger than RBCs
Clear to slightly granular cytoplasm and lobed nuclei with condensed chromatin

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14
Q

Heterophils

A

Non-mammalians and some mammals
Function identically to neutrophils, differ by having visible granules on stained smears

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15
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Second most common leukocyte in most species
Slightly larger than RBCs
Usually have scant light blue cytoplasm and round nuclei which often have heavy matches of nuclear condensation

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16
Q

Monocytes

A

Third most common leukocyte in most species
Largest and most variable type of leukocyte
Usually abundant cytoplasm that is light blue to grey and foamy to vacuolated
Nuclei vary markedly in shape (amoeboid)
Nuclei may have fissures, indentures, or blebs
Become macrophages upon migration to tissues

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17
Q

Eosinophils

A

Usually found on blood smears, may be rare
Small, red/orange cytoplasmic granules
Size and shape varies b/w species
Cats have small needle shaped granules
Horses have large, round, intensely stained granules
Segmented nuclei

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18
Q

Basophils

A

Least numerous in most species
Generally many dark purple granules
Species variation in granule #s and staining
Segmented nuclei

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19
Q

Calcium binding/chelating anticoagulants

A

EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid) - used most often for CBC/hematological purposes
Citrate - used most often for coagulation studies, transfusion purposes

20
Q

Anti-thrombin anticoagulants

A

Heparin inhibits coagulation by activating antithrombin, which inhibits the action of thrombin
Occasionally used for hematology and blood chemistry analyses
Useful for small animals because plasma can be analyzed biochemically after hematological analysis has been completed

21
Q

Hematocrit (HCT)

A

Similar to PCV in percentage of blood occupied by RBCs
Determined by calculations based on average RBC size (MCV) and count

22
Q

Packed cell volume (PCV)

A

Determined by centrifugation of hematocrit tubes and visual measurement

23
Q

Mean cell (corpuscular) volume (MCV)

A

Average volume of RBCs
Useful in determining general cause of anemia

24
Q

Mean cell (corpuscular) hemoglobin (MCH)

A

Average weight of hemoglobin in RBCs
Not commonly used to interpret data, may be used to detect iron deficiency at early stage

25
Red cell distribution width (RDW)
Can only be determined by more advanced automated instruments Provides estimate of variation of RBC size (degree of anisocytosis) Useful for determining erythropoietic responsiveness of bone marrow to anemia Coefficient of variation of the MCV
26
Reticulocyte count
Supravital stain - new methylene blue Useful for determining responsiveness of bone marrow to anemia (regenerative if increased)
27
Blood cell lifespans
Neutrophils ~10 hours Platelets ~10 days (6-10 in circulation) RBCs ~100 days (correlated with size in mammals) Some lymphocytes may live for many years
28
Hematopoiesis in "stress"
Demand for blood cells exceeds production Bone marrow extends down long bones and yellow marrow becomes red marrow Sites of fetal hematopoiesis reactivate (spleen, liver, lymph nodes, kidney - extramedullary hematopoiesis) Circulating stem cells find 'niche' in fetal sites
29
Mammalian hematopoiesis
Occurs outside of blood vessels Cells cross endothelial lining into vessels when ready (tightly regulated)
30
Avian hematopoiesis
Granulopoiesis extravascular Erythropoiesis/thrombopoiesis inside sinuses No megakaryocytes
31
Key hematopoietic growth factors
SCF (KIT-ligand) IL-7, IL-3, IL-5 GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF Erythropoietin (EPO), thrombopoietin (TPO)
32
In which disease would you expect to see anemia due to decreased erythropoietin production? a. renal failure b. liver failure c. immune mediated hemolytic anemia d. fungal infection
Renal failure Decreased EPO production, decreased erythropoiesis
33
Bone marrow precursor cell development
Cell size and nucleus size decrease (except in megakaryocytic lineage) N:C ratio decreases Nucleoli disappear Chromatin condenses Basophilia of cytoplasm decreases as RNA decreases Specific cytoplasmic contents accumulate (hemoglobin, granules)
34
Erythropoiesis morphology (erythrocyte precursors)
Rubriblast - prorubricyte - basophilic rubricyte - polychromatic rubricyte - metarubricyte - polychromic erythrocyte/reticulocyte - erythrocyte
35
Erythroblastic island
Macrophage (nurse cell) surrounded by erythroid precursors Provide certain cues and growth factors Iron from macrophage used for hemoglobin Helps remove dead nuclei
36
Erythropoiesis features
4-5 mitoses in 5 days (3-6 days) 1 rubriblast = 16-32 RBCs Hypoxia is stimulus - synthesis of erythropoietin by kidney (liver is secondary source in some species)
37
Erythropoietin effects
Proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells Erythroid cell maturation Hemoglobin synthesis Early release of reticulocytes
38
Which of the following cells has the highest hemoglobin concentration? a. rubriblast b. basophilic rubricyte c. metarubricyte d. erythrocyte
Erythrocyte Most differentiated - more accumulation
39
Granulopoiesis morphology (neutrophil precursors)
Myeloblast - progranulocyte - myelocyte - metamyelocyte - band neutrophil - mature neutrophil
40
Granulopoiesis kinetics
Large # of neutrophils often needed in short time Storage pool necessary Small animals - large pool, large animals - small pool Multiple factors stimulate production (IL-3, GM-CSF, G-CSF) Most factors produced by cells of immune system
41
G-CSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor)
Acts on progenitors, mitotic precursors Increase # of neutrophils produced Shortens production and maturation Neutrophils ready sooner Increases release of neutrophils from bone marrow Enhanced tissue emigration and functional capabilities Used therapeutically
42
IL-5
Stimulates eosinophil production
43
Monocytopoiesis
CFU-GM (shared progenitor of neutrophils and monocytes) Cell lines diverge after CFU-GM CFU-GM - monoblasts - promonocytes - monocytes No storage pool for monocytes in BM
44
Platelet precursors
Different in that they get larger as nucleated precursors mature in marrow Megakaryoblast - promegakaryocyte - megakaryocyte - break up into platelets
45
Transfer of platelets from marrow to blood
Megakaryocytes send long pseudopodia into blood Cytoplasm of pseudopod fragments into platelets Megakaryocytes shed platelets directly into blood
46
Platelet production control
Constitutive production of TPO in liver (and kidney) Platelets bind TPO (inactive) Increased platelets decrease TPO in blood, vice versa Thrombocytopenia = more free TPO, increased megakaryopoiesis Thrombocytosis = less free TPO, decreased megakaryopoiesis Storage pool in spleen (not BM)
47
Glucocorticoids induce the release of storage pool neutrophils into circulation. In which animal species would you expect to see higher neutrophilia in response to glucocorticoid stimulation?
Small animal species (dogs/cats) because they have large neutrophil storage pools

VET 402 Heme, Lymph, Coag (1 decks)

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