exam 1

Question 1

Geography

Answer 1

he study of the interaction of all physical and human phenomena at individual places and of how interactions among places form patterns and organize space.

Question 2

The First Geographer

Answer 2

Eratosthenes (276- 194 B.C.)
• 1st to use the term GEOGRAPHY
• Calculated the circumference of the Earth
• Made the 1st map of the “world”

Question 3

Kangnido

Answer 3

greatest world map before European exploration

Question 4

Formal Regions

Answer 4

• Defined by uniformity in physical or cultural features
• Finite physical boundaries
• E.g. Chicago

Question 5

Functional Region

Answer 5

• Defined by interaction
• Linked by trade or communication
• E.g. Chicagoland area

Question 6

Spatial Analysis

Answer 6

• Looking for patterns in the distribution of phenomena across space
• Distribution – Density
– Concentration – Pattern


Question 7

Distance

Answer 7

– Absolute
– Time
– Cost

Question 8

Maps

Answer 8

a 2D representation of the Earth’s 3D surface
• Map types:
– Topographic – Thematic
• Cartography: map- making
• Maps are NOT objective

Question 9

Scale

Answer 9

statement of relative size
Expressed (3) ways: – Written statement
– Fraction
– Scale bar
• Determines amount of info and accuracy

Question 10

Projection

Answer 10

Transfer of location on Earth’s surface to flat map
• Two types: – Conformal
– Equal-area
• ALL projections distort size, shape or both

Question 11

Conformal Maps

Answer 11

Distorts the size but preserves the shape.

Question 12

Equal-area Maps

Answer 12

Preserves the size but distorts the shape or orientation

Question 13

Geomorphology

Answer 13

• The study of landforms and the processes that create them.
• Constantly changing (slowly)
• Landforms are built through 2 types of forces:
– Endogenic (internal) processes
– Exogenic (external) processes

Question 14

EARTHQUAKES!!!

Answer 14

• Suddenmovementsof Earth’s crust
• Occureveryday
• Detected with a
seismograph
• Focus/epicenter
• Damage governed by intensity & economic factors

Question 15

Volcanoes

Answer 15

• Movement of plates generates magma (molten rock)
• Magmaeruptson surface = lava
• Volcano:surfacevent where lava emerges
• Two types: 
– Shield
– Composite Cone

Question 16

Shield Volcano

Answer 16

• Runny lava that cools to form basalt • “Shield” shape
• Slow flows
• E.g. Mauna Loa and Kilauea, Hawaii • Mid-ocean ridges


Question 17

Composite Cone Volcano

Answer 17

• Thick and gassy magma
• Made of lava and ash
• Eruptions send ash, glassy cinders (pyroclasts), and sulfur gas clouds into air
• Famous examples include…

Question 18

Plate Boundaries

Divergent

Answer 18

plates spreading apart, e.g. Mid- Atlantic ridge or Rift Valley, East Africa

Question 19

Plate Boundaries

Convergent

Answer 19

plates push together, e.g. Andes Mountains

Question 20

Plate Boundaries

Transform

Answer 20

plates grind past one another, e.g. California’s San Andreas Fault

Question 21

Surface Erosion

Answer 21

• Watercarryingsolid rock particles downhill
• Mostcommonformis rainfall
• Impacted by human activity

Question 22

Glaciers

Answer 22

thick layers of moving ice

Question 23

Weather

Answer 23

the day-to- day variations in temperature, precipitation, etc.
• E.g. Al Roker’s 7 Day Forecast

Question 24

Climate

Answer 24

the statistical summary of weather over time

• E.g. Death Valley is so hot that the chickens are laying hard-boiled eggs.

Question 25

Insolation

Answer 25

The amount of solar energy intercepted by a particular area of Earth • Depends on two factors: 1. The intensity of solar radiation (amount arriving per unit of time) 2. The number of hours during the day that solar radiation is striking

Question 26

Angle of incidence

Answer 26

the angle at which solar radiation strikes a particular place at any point in time

Question 27

Radiation

Answer 27

• The most important process of heat transfer in the environment. • Radiant energy waves have different wavelengths: – Shortwave (insolation) – Longwave (reradiated by Earth)

Question 28

Greenhouse Gases

Answer 28

carbon dioxide, ozone, and methane

Question 29

Precipitation

Answer 29

• The movement of air causes precipitation in three ways: 1. Convection 2. Orographic uplift 3. Frontal uplift

Question 30

Orographic Precipitation

Answer 30

Orographic Precipitation • Horizontal winds move air against mountain ranges forcing air to rise • Air rises, adiabatic cooling, then condensation • E.g. Andes mountains

Question 31

Frontal Precipitation

Answer 31

Forms along a front (boundary between two air masses)

Question 32

Ozone Layer

Answer 32

* The ozone layer is a concentration of ozone molecules in the stratosphere. * AbsorbsharmfulUVs * ↑ CO2 ≠ hole

Question 33

Kyoto Protocol

Answer 33

* Panelofcountriesthat agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions * In 2011,191nations had ratified

Question 34

Epicenter, focus

Answer 34

http://earthquakesandplates.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/eqfocus.gif

Question 35

WInd Erosion

Answer 35

Wind erosion is the process of wind wearing away the earth's surface. It results to degradation of sedimentation crusts on the surface of stripped soils, or the weathering of rocks at their base where they are in contact with the soil.

Question 36

Desertification

Answer 36

a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife

Question 37

subduction

Answer 37

subduction is the process that takes place at convergent boundaries by which one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate and sinks into the mantle as the plates converge

Question 38

greenhouse effect

Answer 38

process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions.

Question 39

Convection

Answer 39

Transfer of heat to one place to another by fluids

Question 40

advection

Answer 40

horizontal transfer of heat or cold to one place to another

Question 41

atmospheric pressure

Answer 41

force exerted by the weight of air • Air has mass-Earth’s gravity attracts mass -air has weight • Measured with a barometer • Varies with altitude/conditions • Differences in pressure (i.e. pressure gradient) produce wind

Question 42

hydrosphere

Answer 42

describes the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet.

Question 43

lithosphere

Answer 43

includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which constitute the hard and rigid outer layer of the Earth.

Question 44

Biosphere

Answer 44

is the global sum of all ecosystems

Question 45

atmosphere

Answer 45

is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that is retained by Earth's gravity