Exam 1 Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
Caval opening
A
T8
Inferior vena cava and phrenic nerve
2
Q
Esophageal hiatus
A
T10
Esophagus
3
Q
Aortic hiatus
A
T12
Thoracic duct
Azygous/hemiazygous veins
Aorta
4
Q
Diaphragm is innervated by
A
Phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5 keeps the diaphragm alive)
5
Q
The paralyzed portion of the hemidiaphragm _ during inspiration
A
Ascends
6
Q
Visceral pleura
A
Covers lungs and adherent to all surfaces
7
Q
Parietal pleura
A
Lines the pulmonary cavity
8
Q
**Costodiaphragmatic recess
A
“Gutters”
Space where fluid can be pulled
9
Q
The right primary bronchus is
A
Shorter, wider, and more vertical
10
Q
The left primary bronchus is
A
Longer, thinner, and more horizontal
11
Q
Bronchopulmonary segments
A
Discrete anatomical and functional unit
Can be surgically removed without affecting the function of other segments
12
Q
What provides the nutrition for structures making the root of lung, supporting tissues, and the visceral pleura?
A
The bronchial arteries
13
Q
Parasympathetics of the lungs and pleura
A
Vagus nerve (motor to smooth muscle, bronchoconstrictor, vasodialator, and secretomotor)
14
Q
Path of the lymphatics in the lungs
A
superficial: Subpleural lymphatic plexus, bronchopulmonary nodes
Deep: deep bronchopulmonary lymph plexus, intrinsic pulmonary lymph nodes, bronchopulmonary nodes, inferior tracheobronchial nodes, superior tracheobronchial nodes, bronchomediastinal trunk
15
Q
Lymphatics from the inferior lobe of the left lung drain into
A
The right superior tracheobronchial nodes
16
Q
Lung development beings as
A
Median outgrowth known as laryngotracheal groove
17
Q
Endoderm gives rise to
A
Epithelium
18
Q
Mesoderm gives rise to
A
Cartilage, smooth muscle, connective tissue
19
Q
The laryngotracheal groove evaginates to form the
A
Laryngotracheal diverticulum
20
Q
The distal portion of the laryngotracheal diverticulum swells to become
A
The respiratory bud
21
Q
The respiratory bud divides into right and left bulbs which form
A
The primary bronchial buds
22
Q
From weeks 5-28
A
Primary bronchial bunds split into secondary and tertiary continuing to divide to form the bronchial tree
23
Q
Bronchopulmonary segments are
A
Functional divisions of the lung (segmental bronchus and pulmonary artery)
Forms in weeks 7/8
24
Q
Visceral pleura develops from
A
Splanchnic mesoderm
25
Parietal pleura forms from the
Somatic mesoderm
26
As the respiratory diverticulum is developing _ form in the lateral walls
Tracheoesophageal folds
27
The septum divides the foregut into
Ventral part- trachea
Dorsal part- esophagus
28
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Associated with esophageal atresia
Incorrect fusion of the tracheoesophageal folds/septum
29
Stages of maturation of the lungs
1. Pseudoglandular
2. Canalicular
3. Saccular
4. Alveolar
30
Pseudoglandular
5-17 weeks
Terminal bronchioles formed (everything formed except structures in gas exchange)
31
Canalicular
16-25 weeks
Bronchi and terminal bronchial lumen become larger
Tissues become highly vascularized
Respiratory bronchioles (primordial alveolar ducts)
Terminal sacs
Survival possible after 21 weeks
32
Saccular stage
24 weeks- birth
Many terminal sacs, epithelium becomes thin and vascularized (blood-brain barrier)
Type 1 pneumocyte- gas exchange
Type 2 pneumocyte- produce pulmonary surfactant
33
Alveolar
32 weeks- 8 years
Capillaries budge into alveolar sacs
Alveoli mature and increase in number
34
Respiratory distress syndrome
Aka hyaline membrane disease
Lungs underdeveloped and alveoli contain fluid
Chronic intrauterine asphyxia, sepsis, aspiration, pneumonia
35
Larynx development
Weeks 4-10
Develops from endoderm, laryngeal cartilage from 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches, laryngeal muscles from myoblasts in 4th and 6th arches
36
In larynx formation the mesenchyme at the end of the laryngotracheal tube proliferates to form
the arytenoid swelling and the cranial epiglottis
Swelling grow toed tongue (slit like primordial glottis form into T-shaped laryngeal inlet)
Epithelium proliferates temporarily occluding
Recanalization occurs in week 9-10
37
Position of the larynx in the neonate
High position in neck allowing epiglottis to come into contact with soft palate
Separates respiratory and digestive tracts facilitating nursing.
38
Cardiac muscle
Striated
Similar mechanism of muscle contraction compared to skeletal
Branched cells
Intercalated disks
Exclusively in heart wall
Limited regeneration capacity
39
Transverse component
Fascia adherens and maculae adherens
40
Lateral component
Gap junctions and maculae adherens
41
Epicardium
Visceral layer of serous pericardium (mesothelium)
Subepithelial layer (loose CT and adipose) containing coronary vessels and nerves
42
Myocardium
Cardiomyocytes (chamber emptying)
Thickest of 3 heart layers
43
Endocardium
Endothelium
Subendothelial layer (dense CT)
Subendocardial layer (contains conduction system of heart)
44
The fibrous skeleton acts as
An electrical insulator
45
Fibrosa is continuous with
Chordae tendinae
46
Vasculogenesis (fetal process) is driven by
VEGF/R
47
Angiogenesis (formation of new branches from existing vessels) is driven by
VEGF/R and Angiopoietin-1/R
48
Vascular wall maturation is driven by
Angiopoietein-1-R
PDGF/R
Myocardin/R
49
Layers of vasculature
Tunica adventitia
Tunica media
Tunica intima
50
Tunica adventitia
Longitudinal Collagen fibers
Some elastic fibers
Thickest in vein
51
Tunica media
Circumferentially arranged Smooth muscle
Elastin lamellar, reticular fibers, and proteoglycans
Major component of artery walls (external and internal elastic membrane)
52
Tunica intima
Endothelium and subendothelial layer (loose C.T)
53
Endothelial function
Maintain eye of selective permeability
Maintenance of non-thrombogenic barrier
Regulation of immune response
Modulation of blood flow
54
Normal position of the heart relative to the midline
1/3 to the right
2/3 to the left
55
What separates the mediastinum into superior and inferior?
The sternal angle
56
Transverse sinus
Separates outflow (Aorta and Pulmonary trunk)
From inflow (Superior vena cava)
57
Barium swallow
Opacify the esophagus and determine if it is displaced
58
The SA node is located
at the junction of the crystal terminal is and the SVC
59
The AV node is located
Between opening of the cornonary sinus and the annulus of the tricuspid valve
60
Diastole
Ventral relaxation
61
2 phases of diastole
Passive filling (ventral relaxation)
Active filling (atrial contraction)
62
Systole
Ventricular contraction
63
Valves in diastole
Bicuspid and tricuspid open
Pulmonary and aortic valve closed
64
Valves in Systole
Bicuspid and tricuspid closed
Pulmonary and aortic valve open
65
Papillary muscle function
Prevent blood from flowing back into atria during systole
66
The opening of the valves is_
Passive
67
Each papillary muscle connects to _ valve leaflets via chordae tendinae
Two
68
Function of the moderator band
Ensure coordinated contraction of all three papillary muscles in the right ventricle
69
The cusp creates a
Sinus
70
Nodules on the cusps
Allow the valve to close completely
71
The heart itself is perfumed during the _ phase of the cardiac cycle
DIASTOLIC (only organ perfused during this phase, all other organs perfused during systole)
72
Heart sounds are produced by
The snapping shut of the valves
73
S1
Luv
Closure of the AV valves
Louder, longer, lower
74
S2
Dub
Closure of semilunar valves
Short, high pitch
Can split closure of the aortic and pulmonary closure with deep inspiration
75
S1 and S2 mark
The beginning and end of diastole
76
S3
Lub-dub-ta
Present with young individuals (disappears with age)
Represents ventricular filling
77
S4
Ta-lub-dub
Atrial contraction
Rare
78
End diastolic volume
Highest ventricular volume
79
End systolic volume
Lowest ventricular volume
80
S1 occurs at
the begging of systole
81
S2 occurs at the
end of diastole
82
Sound is carried
In the direction of blood flow
83
Stenosis
Normal direction of flow through a narrowed orifice
84
Regurgitation
Retrograde flow due to inadequate valve closure
85
When listening to abnormal heart sounds you must consider
Timing and location
86
Abnormal systolic heart sounds
Aortic or pulmonary stenosis
Mitral or tricuspid regurgitation
87
Abnormal diastolic heart sounds
Early diastolic: pulmonary or aortic regurgitation
Late diastolic: tricuspid or mitral stenosis
88
Continuous abnormal heart sounds
Patent ductus arteriosus
89
Physiologic splitting occurs when
Taking a deep breath
90
High resting membrane potential cells
SA node and AV node
Large gNa/gK
91
Low resting membrane potential
Atrial and ventricular working muscle, His bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
Small gNa/gK
92
Working cells
Atrial and ventricular muscle
Greatest in number, well organized myofibrils, strong contraction
No pacemaker activity
93
Specialized cells
SA node, AV node, His bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
Few, poorly organized myofibrils, weak contraction
Pacemaker activity
94
Heart development stages
1: heart tube formation
2: heart looping
3: chamber formation
95
Heart tube formation occurs in weeks
2-3
96
_ is main outflow tract
Truncus arteriosus
97
_ is the main inflow tract
sinus venosus
98
Path of heart tube
Sinus venosus
Atrium
Ventricle
Bulbus cordis
Truncus arteriosus
99
Sinus venosus becomes
Smooth wall of right atrium
Coronary sinus
100
Atrium becomes
Pectinate walls
Auricles of both atria
101
Ventricles become
Trabecular walls
102
Bulbus cordis becomes
Conus arteriosus
Aortic vestibule
103
Truncus arteriosus becomes
Ascending aorta
Pulmonary trunk
104
What embryological structures form the rough walls of the heart?
Atrium and ventricle
105
What forms the smooth wall of left atrium?
Incorporation of pulmonary veins into cardiac wall
Not part of heart tube
106
The venous system is _ dominant
Right side (think superior and inferior vena cava)
107
Arterial system is _ dominant
Left side (think descending aorta)
108
3 paired veins drain blood into the _ of the heart tube
Sinus venosus
109
3 main types of embryonic veins
Cardinal (drain embryonic body, common cardinal formed by combination of anterior and posterior cardinal veins)
Vitelline (drain umbilical vesicle, where the developing intestines are located)
Umbilical (carry oxygenated blood from placenta)
110
As the kidneys develop, posterior cardinal veins anastomose centrally and are mostly replaced by _ and _
Subcardinal and supracardinal veins
111
The anterior cardinal veins combine to form
The left brachiocephalic vein
112
The right anterior cardinal vein forms
Part of the SVC
113
The left anterior cardinal vein
Degenerates
114
Common cardinal veins become
right=
Left=
Right= part of SVC
Left= coronary sinus, cardiac veins
115
The subcardinal veins form
The renal veins and gonadal veins
116
The right subcardinal veins become
Part of IVC
117
The left subcardinal veins
Degenerate
118
The right supracardinal veins become
Part of IVC, azygos veins
119
The left supracardinal veins become
Hemiazygos vein
120
The right posterior cardinal veins become
Part of IVC
121
The left posterior cardinal veins
Degenerates
122
Vitelline veins connect to
Developing hepatic sinusoids to drain developing intestines
123
As the liver developes _ lose their connection with the heart
Umbilical veins (a single large umbilical vein shunts blood directly to the heart, ductus venosus, to bypass liver)
124
The right Vitelline vein becomes
Part of IVC, hepatic portal system and the ductus venosus
125
The left Vitelline veins
Degenerates
126
The right umbilical vein
Degenerates
127
The left umbilical vein becomes
Ductus venosus, umbilical vein entering fetus from placenta
128
Left SVC
Left anterior cardinal vein persists instead of the right
129
Double SVC
Entirety of both anterior cardinal veins persist
130
Double IVC
Often restricted at and below renal segment, entirety of left supracardinal vein persists
131
The 5 paired arteries carry blood from the _ of the heart tube to developing tissues
Truncus arteriosus
132
5 paired arteries
Dorsal aorta
Intersegmental arteries
Vitelline arteries
Umbilical arteries (carry deoxygenated blood to placenta)
Aortic arches= pharyngeal arch arteries (arise from aortic sac, labeled 1,2,3,4,6)
133
Most embryonic arteries
Persist
134
The left and right dorsal aorta becomes
Descending aorta
135
The left and right intersegmental arteries become
vertebral, intercostal arteries
136
The vitilline arteries supply
Blood to the GI tract
137
The umbilical arteries
Reform again after birth
138
The Truncus arteriosus forms
Outflow tracts
139
The aortic sac form
the beginning arch of the aorta
140
The dorsal aorta fuse and form
each arch of the aorta and descending aorta
141
the 3rd aortic arch forms
Common carotid arteries
142
The right 4th pharyngeal arch forms
The right subclavian artery
143
The left 4th pharyngeal arch forms
Middle arch of the aorta
144
The right 6th pharyngeal arch forms the
Right pulmonary artery
145
The left 6th pharyngeal arch forms the
Left pulmonary artery, ductus arteriosus
146
Ductus arteriosus
Shunt between pulmonary trunk and arch of aorta
Kept open by prostaglandins in utero (prostaglandin inhibitors can assist in constriction in premature neonates)
147
Aberrant right subclavian artery
Right 4th aortic arch and cranial region of right dorsal aorta regress
148
Double aortic arch
Right dorsal aorta does not fully fuse with left side
Forms vascular ring around trachea and esophagus
149
Heart looping occurs
In week 5
150
The heart bends to form a C-shaped
Bulboventricular loop
151
2 endocardial cushions form on opposite sides of common AV canal
Ventral endocardial cushion
Dorsal endocardial cushion
152
Steps of Dividing the common atrium
Septum primum (foramen primum allows shunting of blood between left and right atrium)
Foramen secundum (forms on right side)
Primordial interatrial septum
Septum secundum grows
Septum secundum overlaps septum primum and foramen secundum= intratrial septum with communication I open ending is foramen ovals)
153
Steps of dividing outflow tracts and common ventricle
Bulbar (inferior) ridges and truncus ridges form from neural crest cells (called conotrucal ridges)
Muscular intraventricular septum grows (opening called interventricular foramen)
A 180 spiral forms and the conotrucal ridges fuse (due to cell signaling and streaming of blood through ventricles)=aorticopulmonary septum
Membranous interventricular septum
Muscular and membranous interventricular septa fuse together
Cavitation of ventricle walls forms trabeculae carnae, papillary muscles, chordae tendinae
154
Coronary artery development
Stem cells from the liver migrate to heat tube
Grow toward truncus arteriosus to form peritruncal capillary ring
By week 7 these become right and left coronary arteries
