Exam 1 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Planes
A
Frontal (coronal), sagittal, transverse
2
Q
Frontal plane
A
Separates each half of the body symmetrically
3
Q
Sagittal plane
A
Separates the front of the body from the back of the body
4
Q
Transverse plane
A
Separates the top half of the body from the bottom half
5
Q
Anterior/Ventral
A
Front of body
6
Q
Posterior/Dorsal
A
Back of body
7
Q
Superior
A
Towards the head
8
Q
Inferior
A
Towards the feet
9
Q
Cranial
A
Relating to the skull
10
Q
Caudal
A
Towards the back of the skull (neck)
11
Q
Rostral
A
Towards the front of the skull (forehead/nose)
12
Q
Proximal
A
Closer to the trunk of the body
13
Q
Distal
A
Farther from the trunk of the body
14
Q
Superficial
A
Towards the surface of the body
15
Q
Deep
A
Farther from the surface of the body
16
Q
Abduction
A
Moving away from body
17
Q
Adduction
A
Moving closer to body
18
Q
Adduction
A
Moving closer to the body
19
Q
Flexion
A
Closing a joint
20
Q
Extension
A
Opening a joint
21
Q
Pronation
A
Palm facing down/laying on stomach
22
Q
Supination
A
Palm facing up/laying on back
23
Q
Internal rotation
A
Rotating a joint towards the midline
24
Q
External rotation
A
Rotating a joint away from the midline
25
Circumduction
Rotating a joint in a circular motion (circling your wrist or ankle)
26
Protrusion/Retrusion
Sticking out your jaw/pulling it back in
27
Elevation/Depression
Shrugging your shoulders
28
Integumentary system
skin, hair, nails
29
Functions of the integumentary system
protection, thermal regulation, sensory reception, vitamin D production, communication
30
Skin is the largest
organ (7% of BW)
31
Layers of the skin
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
32
The epidermis is composed of
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
33
Strength of skin
epidermis
34
There is no ? in epidermis
vascularization (relies on dermis for nutrients)
35
Layers of epidermis
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (thick skin), stratum corneum
36
Stratum basale 4 types of cells
keratinocytes, merkel cells, macrophages, melanocytes
37
Keratinocytes
makes up epidermis
keratin is a protein made by these
waterproof and strong
38
Merkel cells
sensory receptors that sense light touch
39
Macrophages
ingest debris
40
Melanocytes
produce melanin (dark brown pigment)
41
Stratum basale is the only layer of the epidermis where cells
divide
42
As new cells are made, old cells are
pushed up
43
Stratum spinosum
attached by desmosomes
cells are still alive but no longer divide
strength of epidermis
44
Langerhans cells
white blood cells - immune response
45
Stratum granulosum
cells begin to die - too far from dermis
grainy appearance
46
Stratum corneum
dead cells fill up with keratin
lose nucleus and fuse to squamous sheets
47
It takes 15-30 days for cells to move from
stratum basale to stratum corneum
48
It takes 15-30 days for cells to move from ________ and another 2 weeks to shed
stratum basale to stratum corneum
49
We lose half a million cells per _________, and 1.5 grams a _______
hour, day
50
Stratum lucidum
only in thick skin (palms and soles)
between granulosum and corneum
thin layer for UN radiation protection
51
Desquamation
shedding of dead skin cells
52
Stratum lucidum tan-colored proteins
block melanin from view
53
Conditions of epidermis
callous and blisters
54
callous
frequent rubbing of one area stimulates cell division
55
blister
skin rubbed too hard causes stratum basale to break away from basement layer causing gap to fill with fluid
56
Two types of blisters
vesicles and bullae
57
vesicles
blisters smaller than 5 mm
58
bullae
blisters greater than 5 mm
59
What causes a blister to dry up
epidermis is too far from nutrients (dermis)
60
Two types of cells used in skin healing
fibroblasts and stem cells
61
fibroblasts
make collagen and repair wounds
only present in dermis
62
stem cells
allow skin to repair even after serious damage
63
Scars only appear if
dermis is excessively damaged
64
Which is easier, making scar tissue or normal tissue
normal tissue
65
Individual skin cells do not have a high
metabolic rate
66
Dermis two layers
papillary and reticular
67
papillary layer is made of
LOOSE connective tissue
68
reticular layer is made of
DENSE IRREGULAR connective tissue
69
Papillary layer has ridges to create
surface area for contact between dermis and epidermis (nutrient and blood supply)
70
Which layer are fingerprints formed in
papillary
71
Surgeons make cuts based on
lines of cleavage
72
lines of cleavage
lines in dermis where scars are less likely if cut
73
The strength of the dermis
reticular layer
74
Strongest layer of skin overall
epidermis
75
strongest layer of epidermis
stratum spinosum
76
Collagen and elastin are formed in
reticular layer
77
Reticular layer is where most of the body's ? is found
collagen
78
Stretch marks are caused by
tears in collagen
79
Structures of a nail
cuticle, lunula, nail matrix, stratum germinativum, phalanx, nail root, proximal nail fold,
80
Cuticle is created by
proximal nail fold
81
Cuticle is called the
eponychium
82
Lunula
half moon shape near cuticle
83
Phalanx
bone at fingertip
84
Stratum germinativum
skin on fingertip
85
Three types of glands
sebaceous, eccrine, and apocrine
86
sebaceous glands
each hair has one
produce sebum
87
sebum
oil that coats hair and epidermis
88
eccrine glands
secretes sweat
89
Apocrine glands
found in axilla and pubic areas
also mammary glands
90
Glands in axilla and pubic areas secrete a coating to
draw secretions to the surface
91
Mammary glands produce
milk
92
Pubic hair glands produce
pheromones
93
pheromones
sexual attraction
menstrual cycle syncing
94
Anihydrosis
lack of sweat glands
95
Hyperhydrosis
excessive sweating
96
Hair structures
arrector pilli, hair papilla, follicle, hair root, hair matrix, sebaceous gland
97
arrector pilli
tiny muscles responsible for goosebumps
98
Nervous structures in dermis
Meissner's corpuscle, Pacinian corpuscle
99
Meissner's corpuscle
receptors for light touch
100
Pacinian corpuscle
receptors for vibrations/pressure
101
Hypodermis
adipose layer
102
functions of hypodermis
stores adipose, stores lipids, cushions, insulation from cold
103
Dermatologic conditions
cancers, scars depending on lines of cleavage, infetion
104
Danger triangle
between eyes to upper teeth
105
The danger triangle got its name because
blood drains from this area to the brain so infection here can cause death or meningitis in 24-48 hours
106
Cuts in danger triangle or on cheeks require immediate
antibiotics
