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Biology of Mammals > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

how many extant species are there

A

6,450

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2
Q

why study mammals

A
  1. applied research
  2. Management of domestic species
  3. management of wild populations
  4. Basic research
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3
Q

Types of vertebrates

A

Fishes, birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals

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4
Q

Phylogeny

A

diagram that depicts historical relationship between groups or individuals. Generated by observable characteristics, molecular sequences, fossils

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5
Q

Synapomorphy

A

a shared (in the group you’re describing), derived (from the last group), characteristics ex: hair

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6
Q

Volant organisms

A

able to fly, bats are the only volant mammal

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7
Q

Arboreal organisms

A

living in trees ex: spider monkeys

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8
Q

terrestrial organisms

A

living on land

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9
Q

fossorial organisms

A

living underground

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10
Q

Amphibious organisms

A

living both land and water

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11
Q

aquatic organism

A

living in water

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12
Q

convergence

A

2 or more taxa having similar characteristics that evolved independently. common ancestor. provides evidence for adaptation

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13
Q

Classification ranks

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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14
Q

binomial rules

A

first part is genus, always capitalized, second part is species never capitalized. whole thing is italicized

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15
Q

physiological features: endothermy

A

produce own body heat this increases speed, strength and endurance. very costly to be so energetic, have to have lots of food to replace energy

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16
Q

Features of the skull: Dentary bone

A

single lower jawbone on each side

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17
Q

Features of the skull: a dentary

A

squamosal jaw joint

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18
Q

Features of the skull: three middle ear ossicles (little bones)

A

maleus, incus, stapes. 1.5x amplification

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19
Q

Features of the skull: Secondary palate

A

complete seperation of passages for air and food.

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20
Q

Features of the skull: heterodont

A

teeth vary in size and shape

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21
Q

Features of the skull: Diphyodonty

A

two- fold production of teeth. young teeth fall out and are replaced by adult teeth

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22
Q

Features of the skull: polyphydodonty

A

teeth that are continuously replaced

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23
Q

Features of the skull: two occipital condyles

A

strength and stability to the neck

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24
Q

features of post-cranial skeleton: ribs restricted to the thoracic region

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal. benefits are increased flexibility and lightweight

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25
features of post-cranial skeleton: limb growth away from the joint
aids in joint strength and stability
26
Features of soft anatomy: mammary glands
present in both sexes, stop growing in males. females produce milk and lactate
27
Features of soft anatomy: hair
keratin: tough fibrous protein vibrissae: still hairs that are sensitive to touch, whiskers
28
Features of soft anatomy: Well developed facial musculature
allows suckling, moving ears, closing eyes, controls facial vibrissae, controls facial expression
29
Features of soft anatomy: enlarged brain
bigger brain=bigger body correlated with behavioral flexibility and problem solving
30
Features of soft anatomy: four chambered heart
efficient oxygen delivery
31
Features of soft anatomy: enucleated red blood cells
do not have nucleus, leaves the cell at a young age. this creates for a greater oxygen carrying capacity
32
Features of soft anatomy: complete muscular diaphragm
draws air into the lungs, this improves gas exchange
33
Crown
above the gum line
34
root
below the gum line
35
alveolus
bony socket in which tooth sits
36
Brachydont
low crowned
37
hypsodont
high crowned
38
materials that make up the tooth
dentine: bulk of the tooth, harder than bone, rough texture enamel: coats the dentine in the crown, hardest vertebrate tissue cementum- holds the root in, not as hard as dentine or enamel pulp cavity- soft, cellular tissue includes blood and nervous supply to the tooth
39
cheek teeth
premolars + molars
40
Primitive cheek teeth
tribosphenic: '3 cusped' metacone, protocone, paracone together form a trigon
41
dilambdodont
occlusal surface forms a W-shaped ridge
42
zalambdodont
occlusal surface forms a v-shaped ridge
43
Quadrate
a square tooth, fourth cusp called hypocone
44
bunodont
tooth with smooth, rounded cusps
45
selenodont
major cusps form crescent shaped ridges that orient parallel to the tooth row
46
lophodont
major cusps form long straight ridges that are oriented perpendicular to the tooth row
47
prismatic
cusps form irregular prism like shapes
48
secodont
all cheek teeth sharply pointed and/or blade like. come together like scissors
49
canines
Usually simple conical, used to grab, hold, pierce. can sometimes be bi-lobed. can be tusks
50
incisors
usually simple chisel-shaped, used to grab, hold, tear, gnaw. upper incisors are always located in the premaxilla. rodents have a single pair of self sharpening incisors
51
diastema
incisors gap then more teeth
52
malocclusion
teeth that don't come together but still grow, can lead to death
53
pectinate
resembles a comb, individual teeth look like combs or all incisors come together to make a comb
54
dental formula
number of teeth on one side of the jaw ex: 3/3 3 incisors on top, 3 on bottom 1/4 canines 4/4 premolars 3/2 molars x2=42 total teeth
55
Anapsid characteristics
no openings in the temporal region, jaw muscles are inside the bony skull which restricts their growth, and limits their speed and power. turtles
56
diapsid characteristics
two openings in the temporal region, right on top of each other
57
synapsid chacteristics
single large opening in the temporal region
58
Pelycosaurs (synapsid)
very large, large gate legs spreading wide, ribs along most of the body, barely heterodont, no secondary palate
59
Early therapsids (synapsid)
smaller in body size, legs more directly under the body, lighter skull, temporal openings get larger, teeth are more differentiated
60
late therapsids cynodont (synapid)
more upright stance, tendency for ribs to be lost from lumbar region, hair probably, cheek teeth with recognizable cusps, dentary bone takes up more in lower jaw, complete secondary palate
61
Morganucodon

Biology of Mammals (1 decks)

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