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Biology of Mammals > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how many extant species are there

A

6,450

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2
Q

why study mammals

A
  1. applied research
  2. Management of domestic species
  3. management of wild populations
  4. Basic research
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3
Q

Types of vertebrates

A

Fishes, birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals

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4
Q

Phylogeny

A

diagram that depicts historical relationship between groups or individuals. Generated by observable characteristics, molecular sequences, fossils

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5
Q

Synapomorphy

A

a shared (in the group you’re describing), derived (from the last group), characteristics ex: hair

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6
Q

Volant organisms

A

able to fly, bats are the only volant mammal

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7
Q

Arboreal organisms

A

living in trees ex: spider monkeys

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8
Q

terrestrial organisms

A

living on land

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9
Q

fossorial organisms

A

living underground

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10
Q

Amphibious organisms

A

living both land and water

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11
Q

aquatic organism

A

living in water

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12
Q

convergence

A

2 or more taxa having similar characteristics that evolved independently. common ancestor. provides evidence for adaptation

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13
Q

Classification ranks

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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14
Q

binomial rules

A

first part is genus, always capitalized, second part is species never capitalized. whole thing is italicized

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15
Q

physiological features: endothermy

A

produce own body heat this increases speed, strength and endurance. very costly to be so energetic, have to have lots of food to replace energy

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16
Q

Features of the skull: Dentary bone

A

single lower jawbone on each side

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17
Q

Features of the skull: a dentary

A

squamosal jaw joint

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18
Q

Features of the skull: three middle ear ossicles (little bones)

A

maleus, incus, stapes. 1.5x amplification

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19
Q

Features of the skull: Secondary palate

A

complete seperation of passages for air and food.

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20
Q

Features of the skull: heterodont

A

teeth vary in size and shape

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21
Q

Features of the skull: Diphyodonty

A

two- fold production of teeth. young teeth fall out and are replaced by adult teeth

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22
Q

Features of the skull: polyphydodonty

A

teeth that are continuously replaced

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23
Q

Features of the skull: two occipital condyles

A

strength and stability to the neck

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24
Q

features of post-cranial skeleton: ribs restricted to the thoracic region

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal. benefits are increased flexibility and lightweight

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25
Q

features of post-cranial skeleton: limb growth away from the joint

A

aids in joint strength and stability

26
Q

Features of soft anatomy: mammary glands

A

present in both sexes, stop growing in males. females produce milk and lactate

27
Q

Features of soft anatomy: hair

A

keratin: tough fibrous protein vibrissae: still hairs that are sensitive to touch, whiskers

28
Q

Features of soft anatomy: Well developed facial musculature

A

allows suckling, moving ears, closing eyes, controls facial vibrissae, controls facial expression

29
Q

Features of soft anatomy: enlarged brain

A

bigger brain=bigger body correlated with behavioral flexibility and problem solving

30
Q

Features of soft anatomy: four chambered heart

A

efficient oxygen delivery

31
Q

Features of soft anatomy: enucleated red blood cells

A

do not have nucleus, leaves the cell at a young age. this creates for a greater oxygen carrying capacity

32
Q

Features of soft anatomy: complete muscular diaphragm

A

draws air into the lungs, this improves gas exchange

33
Q

Crown

A

above the gum line

34
Q

root

A

below the gum line

35
Q

alveolus

A

bony socket in which tooth sits

36
Q

Brachydont

A

low crowned

37
Q

hypsodont

A

high crowned

38
Q

materials that make up the tooth

A

dentine: bulk of the tooth, harder than bone, rough texture
enamel: coats the dentine in the crown, hardest vertebrate tissue
cementum- holds the root in, not as hard as dentine or enamel
pulp cavity- soft, cellular tissue includes blood and nervous supply to the tooth

39
Q

cheek teeth

A

premolars + molars

40
Q

Primitive cheek teeth

A

tribosphenic: ‘3 cusped’ metacone, protocone, paracone together form a trigon

41
Q

dilambdodont

A

occlusal surface forms a W-shaped ridge

42
Q

zalambdodont

A

occlusal surface forms a v-shaped ridge

43
Q

Quadrate

A

a square tooth, fourth cusp called hypocone

44
Q

bunodont

A

tooth with smooth, rounded cusps

45
Q

selenodont

A

major cusps form crescent shaped ridges that orient parallel to the tooth row

46
Q

lophodont

A

major cusps form long straight ridges that are oriented perpendicular to the tooth row

47
Q

prismatic

A

cusps form irregular prism like shapes

48
Q

secodont

A

all cheek teeth sharply pointed and/or blade like. come together like scissors

49
Q

canines

A

Usually simple conical, used to grab, hold, pierce. can sometimes be bi-lobed. can be tusks

50
Q

incisors

A

usually simple chisel-shaped, used to grab, hold, tear, gnaw. upper incisors are always located in the premaxilla. rodents have a single pair of self sharpening incisors

51
Q

diastema

A

incisors gap then more teeth

52
Q

malocclusion

A

teeth that don’t come together but still grow, can lead to death

53
Q

pectinate

A

resembles a comb, individual teeth look like combs or all incisors come together to make a comb

54
Q

dental formula

A

number of teeth on one side of the jaw ex: 3/3 3 incisors on top, 3 on bottom 1/4 canines 4/4 premolars 3/2 molars x2=42 total teeth

55
Q

Anapsid characteristics

A

no openings in the temporal region, jaw muscles are inside the bony skull which restricts their growth, and limits their speed and power. turtles

56
Q

diapsid characteristics

A

two openings in the temporal region, right on top of each other

57
Q

synapsid chacteristics

A

single large opening in the temporal region

58
Q

Pelycosaurs (synapsid)

A

very large, large gate legs spreading wide, ribs along most of the body, barely heterodont, no secondary palate

59
Q

Early therapsids (synapsid)

A

smaller in body size, legs more directly under the body, lighter skull, temporal openings get larger, teeth are more differentiated

60
Q

late therapsids cynodont (synapid)

A

more upright stance, tendency for ribs to be lost from lumbar region, hair probably, cheek teeth with recognizable cusps, dentary bone takes up more in lower jaw, complete secondary palate

61
Q

Morganucodon

A

Biology of Mammals (1 decks)

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