Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
five freedoms of animal welfare
A
freedom from hunger and thirst
freedom from discomfort
freedom from pain, injury and disease
freedom to express normal behavior
freedom from dear and distress
2
Q
examples of the 5 freedoms of discomfort
A
normal physical behavior
normal behavior
adequate nutrition
good husbandry
routine care
one health
biosecurity
3
Q
how do you determine if an animal is healthy
A
behavior
condition of animal
physical exam
5 senses
4
Q
What is our greatest tools of veterinary medicine
A
physical exams
5
Q
5 senses
A
nose
eyes
ears
touch
taste
6
Q
examples of observations
A
what you see when you get to the farm
what you see in your exam room
observation before touching the patient
7
Q
examples of smell
A
what do you sell when you get out of the truck
what do you smell in the exam room
8
Q
examples of what you hear in the barn
A
animal moving
coughing
respiratory sounds
growling
barking
heart
lungs
gastrointestinal
9
Q
examples of touch
A
what do you palpate on the patient
glands
bones
muscles
10
Q
industry uses of goats/sheep
A
meat
dairy
fiber
hobby
11
Q
most producers have less than _____ head of sheep in the US
A
100
12
Q
Highest producing states in sheep production
A
Texas
california
colorado
Wyoming
Utah
13
Q
Parts of the US with greatest goat production
A
western
southeast
14
Q
Lambs or goats has the lowest fat content
A
goats
15
Q
lambs age
A
1-3 years old
16
Q
mutton age
A
older than 3 years old
17
Q
Which is consumed more, mutton or lamb
A
lamb
18
Q
When ethnic holidays are in season what happens to meat industry demand
A
increases
19
Q
examples of ethnic holidays that effect market demand
A
easter
4th of July
cinco de mayo
passover
Christmas
20
Q
examples of breeds of sheep
A
cheviot
dorset
hampshire
terminal sires
21
Q
examples of terminal sires
A
suffolk
texel
22
Q
most common meat breed of goats
A
boer
23
Q
Boer origin and estrous
A
south africa
polyestrous
24
Q
Kiko origin
A
new zealand
25
fainting goats origin
Tennessee and texas
cross bred with other meat goats
26
goat known for good meat carcass
spanish
27
spanish origin and estrous
Oklahoma
polyestrous
28
sheep fiber is based on 4 textures
coarse
medium
fine
speciality
Angora
chasmere
29
which coat type of sheep is selected for their fiber
fine
30
examples of coarse sheep
romney
Lincoln
31
examples of medium sheep
Suffolk
hampshire
dorset
32
examples of fine sheep
merino
Rambouillet
33
examples of specialty sheep
karakul
34
define specialty hair
more fine, like normal hair
35
examples of Angora fiber goats
mohair
36
define mohair goat
two times a year
5.3 pounds of fiber per year
delicate
low kidding rates
37
define cashmere goat
dual coats
shorn yearly
2.5 pounds per year
38
percent cashmere
20-40%
39
which part of the dual coat is cashmere in goats
undercoat
40
We import more than we produce
goat milk
41
benefits of goat milk
healthier than cows milk
better for allergies and lactose intolerance
42
define east friesian milk breed sheep
500-700 pounds
6-7% fat
43
define lacaune milk breed sheep origin and what it produces
from France
known for blue cheese
44
define Awassi milk breed sheep origin and use
South west Asia
middle asia
multi-purpose
high producer
45
what is the dairy breed
- swiss
- 2.600 pounds
- 3.3% fat
- cooler regions
Saanen
46
what is the dairy breed
- N. Sudan X Anglo breeds
- high temperatures
prolonged breeding period
- 1800 pounds
- 4.9% fat
Nubian/ Anglo-Nubian
47
what is the dairy breed
- spain
- 2100 pounds
- 4% fat
LaMancha
48
what is the dairy breed
- europe
- early settlers
- 2300 pounds
- 3.4 % fat
Alpine
49
Alpine is known as early settlers, why
easy to move on boat and bring over to the americas
50
what is the dairy breed
- swiss
- oldest known dairy breed
- 2100 pounds
- 3.2 % fat
- cooler regions
Toggenburg
51
main use for sheep
fun/hobby
52
housing for sheep/goats
ventilation
no condensation
dry and clean bedding
water and feed access
53
housing is needed to prevent
pneumonia
54
pasture for sheep/goats
access
open range
shelter
rotational grazing
can mix with other animals
55
why are goats good to mix with other animals
eat brush and clean fence rows
56
shelter for sheep/goats
run in shed
slatted platform
wind breaks
57
dry lots in sheep/goats
when paddock feed is limited
finishing
58
finishing diet for sheep/goats
concentrate based diet
59
paddock feed is limited to sheep/goats
dry seasons
reduced ground cover
60
fencing for sheep/goats
wire stands (4-5)
woven wire
48'' high
boundary fencing
use donkeys, horses and dogs
61
types of dairy operations for goats
hand milking
machine milking bucket
machine milking parlor
62
lambing for small herds
shed
provided feed
63
lambing for large herds
best if temps are 45 degrees of higher
increase feed availability (grass)
64
famacha score
looking at the color of tissues around eyes
65
five point check
nose - discharge
jaw - swelling
eye - anemia
back - condition
tail - staining
66
BCS score in sheep/goats
1-9
67
BCS thin in sheep/goats
1-3
68
BCS medium in sheep/goats
4-6
69
BCS fat in sheep/goats
7-9
70
how many compounds are in swines manure that gives its smell
125
71
What is the 5 input production model
health
genetics
nutrition
environment
management
72
pig flow organization structure
production phase
housing
scheduling
73
production basis
producer to consumer
inout to output
74
inputs in swine production
tangible
people
capital
information
75
tangible inputs in swine production
corn of diets
breeding stock
76
people inputs in swine production
labor
management
77
capital inputs in swine production
financing
78
information inputs in swine production
internal - records
external - research
79
What is the name of the equation
asset turnover X net profit margin X leverage
Dupont Equation
80
examples of asset turnover in swine
daily gain
litter size
81
net profit margin in swine production
feed efficiency
decreased vaccine cost
82
leverage in swine production
shift ownership but maintains control
83
5 input model examples of disease
diagnosis
prevention
control
treatment
welfare requirements
biosecurity
84
5 input model examples of nutrition
control at farm level
feed adjustment
feed intake monitoring
particle size
85
5 input model examples of genetics
biosecurity
semen movements
86
5 input model examples of environment
internal + facility related
easily identify problems
with with others seek solutions
87
5 input model examples of management
many factors
workers
equipment
housing
88
feed intake for swine is
meal or pellet forms
89
nutrition of growing pigs
fed ad lib
4% body fat
90
nutrition of gilts prior to breeding
fed near ad Lib
91
nutrition of gestating sows
feed limited
1% of body fat
92
nutrition of lactating sows
fed ad lib except for 3-4 days post-farrow
93
water intake for swine
free choice
94
examples of waters for swine
nipple drinkers
cup drinkers
water troughs
95
how much weight does swine need per 100 pounds of body weight
1 gallon
96
normal litter size for pigs
10-15 piglets
97
maternal breeds for swine
large white - Yorkshire + landrace
98
define Yorkshire pigs
erect ears
99
define landrace pigs
floppy ears
100
material breeds for swine
duroc (red)
Hampshire (belt)
pietrain (spots)
101
material female pigs are used to make
commercial breeds
102
terminal males are used to make
purebreds
F1 cross
synthetic lines
103
what are synthetic lines
developed by crossing a breed to themselves
104
commercial pigs crossing
material lines X terminal lines
105
pigs environment needs
good air quality
critical temperature
106
effective environment temperature
heat loss/gain through
conduction
evaporation
convection
infrared
107
conduction
skin contact with the floor
108
evaporation
water on skin
109
convection
air movement across skin
110
infrared
distance from hot/cold surface
111
describe pigs flow in production
even flow = increase production = money
control disease
112
veterinary practices that manage swine farms
blood work
necropsy
113
vet roles In management
information
- internal
- external
problem identification
monitoring
training
advising
communication
- listening
- oral
114
internal information from veterinarians
observation
records
diagnostics
115
external information from veterinarians
research information
experiences
vet school
116
model uses
production planning
trouble shooting problems
117
production planning in model uses
new operation
118
trouble shooting in model uses
holistic approach
consider all problems
119
4 P's in marketing pork as food
product -quality
price - low cost - commodity
place - location
- corn belt for finishing
positioning - target audience
120
aspects of meat quality
taste
color
pH
H2O holdig place
121
define TQA
trucker quality assurance
122
define PQA and its role
pork quality assurance
antibiotic residues
123
antibiotic resistance in bacterial contamination
MRSA
124
pork is a
commodity
125
excess supply dramatically reduces prices paid to farmers
consumer demand
packing industry capacity
126
example of why price will gravitate towards cost of production
biofuels increased production
127
challenge for pork suppliers
exports - 20 to 25% of production
128
when exports decrease
cost increase
129
waste management on swine farms
phosphorus build up
lagoons versus deep storage pits
ground and surface water contamination
130
odor and gas emissions
from facility
manure application
131
neighborhood issues
traffic
work force
culture
132
stalls for gestating sows in primary issues
stall size vs sow size
tethers - phased out
number of pens
133
other issues on swine farms
farrowing crates for lactating sows
casteration
tail docking
ear notching
transport
134
ownership on swine operations
family
corporate
135
facility size on swine operations
increased with breeding herd
decreased with finishing pigs
136
labor on swine operations
family based to employees
immigrants
137
management on swine operations
family based to professionals
highly educated
experience
138
foward vertical integration fowards
feed manufactures starts with raising pigs
139
backwards vertical integration
packer starts raining pigs
140
vertical coordination in industry
purchase contracts from packers
141
process verification on swine operations
documentation
audits
142
dependency on exports on swine operations
exchange rates
barriers
143
disease control
age segregation
AIAO
144
gilt
female pig of any age
145
select gilt
retained for breeding at 5-6 months of age
146
parity on swine operations
O prior to farrowing
147
sow
female that has farrowed at least one litter
148
sows are kept for how many litters
6-8
149
sows average number of litters
3-4
150
boar
intact male that is kept for AI
151
barrow
casterated male
152
casteration for pigs is recommend
7 days or less of age
153
gestation length
115 days
154
another name for farrowing
parturition
155
lactation length
3-4 weeks
156
define weaning
abrupt where entire litter is removed from milk
157
breeding/gestation age and weight
6 mo to 8+ parities
200-600 lbs for females
158
farrowing age and weight
wean at 3-4 weeks
2-5 pounds weaning
12-15 pounds weaning
159
nursery age and weight
stays 6-8 weeks
50-70 pounds
160
finisher age and weight
stay until market
240-300 pounds
161
replacement gilts and boars enter around _____ of age
6 months
162
pigs weaned at _______ of age
3-4 weeks
163
boars AI uses starts around ________ of age
8-10 months
164
Boards semen is collected through
AI
natural
165
AI center on swine operations is located
off site
166
heat detection for sows/gilts
teaser boars
167
phase optional on swine operations
wean to finish
nuresry
finisher
nursery
168
facility management of AIAO on swine operations
facility is cleaned and emptied before next group come in
169
how has man shaped dog breeds
physical and mental ability
suitable for work
170
how many breeds are known throughout the world
340
171
sporting groups for dogs
active
alert
regular exercise needed
172
examples of sporting dogs
spaniels
pointers
retrievers
settlers
173
working groups for dogs
quick to learn
smart
strong
alert
guarding
pulling
174
examples of working dogs
cane corso
mastiff
boxer
great dane
husky
doberman
175
herding groups for dogs
control movement of other animals
176
examples of herding dogs
corgi
collie
border collie
German shepherd
Australian shepherd
Australian cattle dog
177
hound groups for dogs
sight
scent
hunting
178
examples of hound dogs
treeing walker
beagle
greyhound
basset hound
plott hound
179
toy groups for dogs
small in size but large in personality
180
examples of toy dogs
pug
shih zue
poodle
maltese
terrier
181
terrier groups for dogs
feisty and energetic
bred to hunt
182
examples of terrier group
rat terrier
bull terrier
west highland terrier
airedale terrier
183
non-sporting groups for dogs
diverse group depending on size and personality
184
non-sporting examples of dogs
Dalmatian
bull dog
chow chow
French bull dog
185
Brachycephalic breeds
short nose
chow chow
bull dog
pug
French bull dog
boxer
Boston terrier
186
define brachycephalic breeds
elongated soft palate
stenotic nares
everted laryngeal saccules
187
dolichocephalic breeds
engaged nose
German shepherd
Great Danes
hounds
poodles
huskies
Bassett hound
188
define dolichocephalic breeds and what they are prone to
used for hunting, sport and tracking
prone to fungal disease
189
Mesaticephalic breeds
golden retrievers
beagles
dalmations
German short hair pointer
rottweiler
190
Mesaticephalic has a ______ skull
square
191
puppy stage
6-9 months of age
192
young adult stage
9 mo to 4 yrs of age
193
mature adult stage
4 yrs to start of 25% of life
194
senior stage
last 25% of life
195
end of life diagram for hospice
emotional
social
physical
196
aspects of wellness and preventive care to be discussed at each life stage
physical exam
patient safety
behavior
zoonotic disease
nutrition
parasites
dental health
reproduction
197
inherited disease
caused by genetic makeup
198
predisposed disease
likely to get disease due to genetic makeup
199
pug with inherited small snout can lead to what predisposed diseases
heat stroke
dental issues
skin issues
eye problems
respiratory diseases
200
dash hound with long back can predispose them to
disease dick or IVDD
201
cranial cruciate rupture examples in dogs
golden retrievers
German shepherds
Rottweilers
202
hip/elbow dysplasia examples in dogs
large breeds dogs
golden retrievers
Rottweiler
203
heart disease examples in dogs
toy poodle
dachshunds
boxer
great dane
204
murmurs in heart disease examples in dogs
King Charles cavalier
205
dilated cardiomyopathy examples in dogs
boxer
206
neoplasia lymphoma examples in dogs
golden retriever
boxer
Bassett hound
207
neoplasia hemangiosarcoma examples in dogs
German shepherd
golden retrievers
boxer
208
neoplasia osteosarcoma examples in dogs
boxer
Rottweiler
209
mast cell tumors examples in dogs
boxer
210
diseases worth talking about to owners throughout life
MDR1 gene - herding dogs
platelet - grey hounds
higher RBC- sight hounds
bloat - great danes
degenerative myelopathy - German shepherd
211
pets life style to talk about with dog owners
exercise
exposure to other animals
housing
exposure to toxins
212
zoonotic disease in dogs
endoparasites - hookworms + roundworms
toxoplasmosis - ringworm
ectoparasite - flea + ticks
rabies - bite prevention
leptospirosis
bortonella henselae
salmonella
213
for all ages screen for
allergies
intolerance
BCS
diet
schedule of feeding
214
is muscle and body condition score the same
NO, look at the separate
215
parasite control of all life stages
year around intestinal control
year around heart worm
year around flea and tick
216
fecals for young dogs
every 2 weeks during vaccinations
217
decals for older dogs
once a year
218
core vaccinations for dogs
booster after 1 year
219
non-core vaccination for dogs
booster yearly as needed
based on risk
220
antibody testing for
CDV
CPV
CAV2
221
when do you start dental practices
younger age
222
some animals are _______ to losing teeth
pre-exposed
223
help adult/senior life a stress free life by
cleaning/removing bad teeth
224
discussion of intact dogs
disease such as enraged prostates
225
discussion of breeding pets
brucellosis
226
discussion as dogs get older
mammy gland neoplasia
prostatic issues
227
feline breeds are named by
hair coat color
228
feline breeds
calico
tabby
ci-color
tri-color
tuxedo
229
define polydactyl
many toes
230
brachycephalic cat
himyalayan
persian
231
mesaticephalic cat
bengal
maine coon
232
dolichocephalic cats
siamese
somali
sphynx
233
kitten stage
birth to 1 years of age
234
young adult cat stage
1-6 yrs old
235
mature adult cat stage
7-10 years old
236
senior cat stage
older than 10 years old
237
what do owners think is common in cats but is bad
vomiting
238
safety measures to consider when talking to clients about cats
toys
strings
plants - Lillies
human pain medication
239
How many litter boxes are needed in the house
EX. I own 5 cats
6 litter boxes needed
240
prevalent in pregnant women with cats when changing litter boxes
toxoplasmosis
241
FVRCP in cats
8
12
16
weeks of age
booster 6 months and 1-3 years
242
FeLV in cats
12 and 16 weeks of age
booster at 1 year of age
243
rabies in cats
12 or 16 weeks of age depending on label
booster at 1 year
244
senior cats after _______ years of age discuss risk/benefits
10
245
genetic and congenital diseases in cat breeds
manx
rag doll
persians
main coon
sphynx
246
examples of genetic and congenital diseases in sphynx
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
247
infectious disease in cats
parasites
viral
retroviral
felines infectious peritonitis
upper respiratory disease
dermatophytosis
248
diseases that require attention in young adult cats
feline bronchial disease
cardiomyopathy
chronic enteropathy
FIP
systemic final disease
FAD
249
diseases in older cats
chronic kidney disease
neoplasia
cognitive disease syndrome
DJD
hyperthyroidism `
250
what are the type of riding
English
western
251
A horses walk has how many beats
4
252
name the types of walk
stepping pace
rack
tolt
253
Is a horses walk diagonal or symmertical
diagonal
254
a horses trot has how many beats
2
255
variations of trot
pace
jog
passage
piaffe
extend
medium
length
256
canter from horses has how many beats
3
257
variation of canter in horses
lope
258
which gait helps identify lameness in horses
trot
259
a gallop in horses has how many beats
4
260
what is the breed of horse:
well muscled
14-16 hands
good tempered
variation in job and type
America quarter horse
261
describe buckskin horse
golden with black mane and tail
no dorsal strips
262
describe a Dun horse
red
bay
black
263
describe a grullo horse
black dun
264
describe a roan horse
white hairs in base color
265
describe a palomino horse
golden with cream mane and tail
266
what are the color of the following horses
267
dun factor marking
distinct dorsal strip
ear barring
ear tips
leg barring
cobwebbing
lower fast mask
268
main colors of dun
black
bay
chestnut
grullo
bay dun
red dun
269
Name the following colors
270
Describe the American paint/pinto horse
not a quarter horse
with pattern with color base coat
has to go above the knee and hock
271
pinto is any type of paint regarless of
breed type
272
examples of QH work
cutting
barrel racing
roping
reining sprinters
western pleasure
halter horse
hunt seat
trail
273
ethical concerns of wester pleasure QH
tie heads up over extended period of time so they drop their head during show and keep it dropped
274
genetic disorders in QH
Impressive passed down HYPP
275
HYPP is
potassium metabolism causes seizers
276
describe Appaloosa
base color with spots
may have stripped feet
277
what is the breed of horse:
bred for speed
very old breed
15-17 hands
lighter muscle and longer limbed
high energy
identification through lip tattoo
thoroughbred
278
thoroughbred is moving from lip tattoo to
microchips
279
TB common jobs
dirt
steeplechase
turf
eventing
barrel racing
dressage
polo
chuck wagon races
280
ethical concerns for horse racing speed
breakdowns
281
ethical concerns for horse racing money
cheating at the expense of the horse
282
ethical concerns for horse racing controversial medications
NSAIDS - inflammation control
shock wave
283
what happens when racing horses retire
slaughter
other careers
breeding if highly valuable
284
Describe the breed:
similar to TB
jug heads
much calmer temperature
trotters
pacers
identification via freeze branding on the neck
Standardbred
285
Standardbred movement pattern
symmetrically
286
use of amish standard bred horses
Working
pulling
not a companion animal
287
what is the breed:
dished face
pointy tail head
foundation breed from middle east
hot horse
14-15 hands
refined features
some have 5 instead of 6 lumbar vertebrae and 17 instead of 18 ribs
Arabian
288
use of Arabian horses
work in the desert
show
racing
289
new practice in Arabian horses
bred to have a swan neck
290
what is the breed:
built for specialty movement and comfort
15-16 hands
tail set
high neck set
can have a 4 beat ambling gait
American Saddle bred
291
what is the breed:
gaited = running walk
big lick
not supposed to trot or canter
comfort
15-17 hands
4 beat gait
Tennessee Walking Horses
292
TWH jobs
show
trail
293
ethical concerns for TWH and ASB
tail setting
training aids to lift feet higher
soring
chain
stacks
294
Examples of other gaited horses
Missouri fox trotter
rocky mountain
spotted saddle horse
295
examples of draft horses
Percheron - show
clydesdale - pull
Belgian - work
296
draft horse jobs
pulling carts
show
pulling
showing
eventing
297
ethical considerations of draft horses
tail docking for breed standard
298
PMU in horses
pregnant mares urine was used for estrogen drug (Premarin) for women going through menopause
299
when was Premarin decline
2000's for synthetic replacement
300
what is the breed:
hanoverian
holsteiner
dutch
belgian
hot and cold breed
16-18 hands
used for Olympic sport
European warmblood
301
examples of warmblood
friesian
gypsy vanner
302
WB jobs
pulling
showing
eventing
303
the following are examples of:
welsh
shetland
pony of Americans
miniature horse
Ponies
304
ponies jobs
barrel racing
fun
cart pulling
eventing
305
dependent on an individuals or groups experiences, beliefs, and values
Animal Welfare
306
Means how an animal is coping with the conditions in which it lives
Animal Welfare
307
who started the discussion on animal welfare
Bentham
308
define Vivisection
practice of animals for human research
309
Boyles Experiment
checked to see if respiration was important is important
310
Anthropomorphism
attribution of human characteristics to animals
311
good Anthropomorphism
surgery
312
bad Anthropomorphism
giving animals human food
313
Sentience
capacity to have feelings and experiences suffering and pleasure
314
examples of sentience
awareness
positive emotion
315
important stakeholders in animal welfare
general public
Vet students
producers
consumers
media
interest groups - welfare groups
government
veterinarians
316
protection of animal health and welfare, the prevention and relief of animal suffering
veterinary oath
317
what are the following describes as
- responsible use
- balancing scientific knowledge and professional judgement
- provide water, food and proper handling, health care and environment
- minimize fear, pain, stress and suffering
- continual evaluated
- conservation and management
- respect and dignity
- strive to improve animal health and welfare
9 principles to follow during veterinary practice
318
do we consider one species more than another
species considered
319
The 5 freedoms
- freedom from hunger and thirst
- freedom from discomfort
- freedoms from pain, injury and diseas
- freedom to express normal behavior
- freedom from dear and distress
320
The 5 domains
nutrition
environment
health
behavior
mental state
321
Three orientations
mind
body
nature
322
The three R's
reduce
replace
refine
323
Brambell committee was appointed by the minister of agriculture, fisheries and food and Secretary of State examined
conditions in which livestock are kept under systems of intensive husbandry and welfare
324
bramble started the framework of the 5 freedoms based on the ability of the animal to
stand
lie down
turn around
groom themselves
stretch their limbs
325
committee created in response to Brambells 5 freedoms
Farm animal welfare advisory committee
326
farm animal welfare advisories name was changed in 1979 to
farm animal welfare council
327
initial five freedoms were categorized alongside previsions in
1993
328
pitfalls of the 5 freedoms
focuses on mere satisfaction of achieving relief from suffering
weak attention on metal health
general to all animals and not specific
329
Applications of welfare assessment in the 5 freedoms
AVMA
veterinarians
WOAH
330
David Mellor and Dr. Cam Reid reformulated the 5 freedoms to include?
physical and functional factors
mental state
welfare compromise
331
the framework of the 5 domains looks at
the positive and negative values
332
Examples of Applications in Animal welfare assessments of the 5 domains
make sure less native species are not harmed
hunt for invasive pest
333
The three circle model consist of
basic health and functioning
affective states
natural living
334
the three circle model was made in
1997
335
the three circles model addresses both
objective science
subjective human values
336
the three circles model helps individuals
understand their own bias
337
basic health and functioning of the three circles model
physical fitness
good health
normal growth and development
ex. calves welfare is good because it appears healthy
338
natural living of the three circles model
lead reasonably natural lives
ex. calves welfare is bad because it cannot preform natural behaviors
339
affective states of the three circles model
good mentality without subject to extreme stress
ex. calves aggravated because it can not suck, but it can adapt to its new environment because it does need to suck
340
Three R's created by what two English biologist
Russell and burch
341
Russell and Burch created the 3 R's which explains
the principle of humane experimental technique
provides a framework for performing more humane research
342
replacement of the 3 R's
methods to avoid using animals
343
partial replacement of the 3 R's
animal tissue/cells are still required. animals are not exposed to distress
344
absolute replacement of the 3 R's
animals are not required in any stage of the research
345
reduction of the 3 R's
maximizing the information obtained from a given number of animals
346
examples of reduction of the 3 R's
animals serving as their own control
telemetry - implant check stats
sharing data
imagining technologies
347
refinement of the 3 R's
modification of husbandry or experimental procedures to enhance animals well-being and minimize or eliminate pain and distress
348
identify all possible courses of action
establish interest of affected parties
identify ethical issues involved
establish legal position of the dilemma
choose a course of action
minimize the impact of the decision
the Ethical Matrix
349
what matters is relative cost and benefit to us alone. treating animals well can serve us alone
Contractarian
350
sentience is morally relevant so cost and benefits to people and animals must be weighed up. greatest good for the greatest number overall
utilitarian
351
consequences for species not individuals
respect for nature
352
ethical theories: deontological (obligation)
rights and relational
there are certain things that are forbidden and some that are required no matter the consequences
353
rights of obligation ethical theories
animals subject of a life confers the right to direct own lives and not be killed or used as means to an end
354
relational ethical theories of obligation
mutually beneficial relationship. animals depend on their food and we depend on their product
355
define contractarianism
we may have indirect ethical obligations towards animals, because they can matter to other animals
356
define Utilitarianism
we must consider welfare consequences as well as benefits to humans
357
define relational
focuses on the way in which our treatment of animals might affect our treatment of humans
358
animal rights in ethical theories
place a limit on treatment. there are some things we are not allowed to do
359
respect for nature in ethical theories
we have the duty to protect not just individual animals, but the species to which they belong
360
the problem of the animal welfare act of 1966
people would steal pets and sell them to research labs
361
the solution to animal welfare act
people who buy, sell , and breed animals must have a license and follow animal care laws
research animals must be registered and acquired from approved sources
362
Animal welfare act and regulation controls
dogs
cats
non-primate
transport of animals
purchase and sell of animals through breeders
exhibition of animals
veterinary care
record keeping
research registration requirements
363
Animal welfare act and regulation does not control
lab rats and mice
cold blooded vertebrates
364
the research facility must
be register to regulate animals
have animal care and use committee
IACUC to accesss request of animals
ensures everyone acting with animals are trained
have attending veterinarian on sight to care for animals
365
Humane Methods of Slaughter acts states
humane methods of the slaughter of livestock to prevent suffering and better working conditions
366
Tenessee states animal cruelty laws
animal fighting
cruelty
cremation
367
Maine passed what law for animals
companion animals custody law
368
eliminating bad genes or selecting for good genes
improvement of genetics
369
traditional methods to avoid bad genes
avoid breeding animals with bad genetics
370
traditional methods of genetic selection
data from the animal breeds
phenotype
371
newer methods of genetic selection
BLUP - best linear unbiased prediction
SNPs - single nucleotide polymorphism
372
BLUP model is described as
utilizing phenotypic data from animals to be bred and relatives
373
SNPs model is described as
identify superior and inferior genes using molecular techniques to aid in the selection process
374
gene insertion Bt corn
insert gene from Bt bacteria that codes for toxin that can impact insects
375
gene deletion
Ex. PRRS virus
delete genes that code for the cell receptors that enables the virus to attack
376
examples of gene deletion
CRISPR 9 screening
377
how has increased production been accompanied
genetic selection programs
more output per animal unit
feed conversion ratio
more weight per animal at slaughter
cost per cow
378
ADG of swine
1.35 to 1.75
379
Swine body style
carcass lean %
230 to 295 pounds at slaughter
380
mature body weight of dairy cattle
1500 to 1600 pounds
381
associated consequences with increased body size
lameness
impaired reproduction
crowding in pens
inadequate stall size
382
Dairy semen is implanted through
AI
383
lameness health in increased body size
mechanical stress
injury due to interaction with stalls and environment
384
environment of increased body size
facility design
ventilation
385
as genetics changes can the other outputs be modified to avoid problems?
nutrition
health
management
environment
386
vets role in industry
promote accountability- did things improve
plan your work, work your plan
387
what factors contribute to your though process
policy
welfare
moral values
communication
388
hydrocephalus
build up of fluid in the brain
389
breeding extremes can cause what problems in French bulldogs for example
fainting smells
inflammation in parts of airway
tiring more quickly during activity
overall breathing problems
issues with body cooling
390
welfare problems associated with genetic changes in breed standards, irresponsible breeding and overall implications
affects a large number of animals
potenital to cause negative impact on future
several adverse feelings
effects can be long duration
391
Ocular morphology is an example of
breed standard in pugs
392
Breed standard in pugs
large head
round head
no indention of the skull
eyes dark in color
thin ears
wrinkles are large and deep
muzzle is short blunt and square
slight underbite
393
clinical consequences of breed standard for pugs
decreased breathing
turning of eyelids
hair in-contact with eye
allergies
decreased bathing
inflammation
exophthalmos
corneal scratches
ulcers
deformed facial structures
irritation
hyperpigmentation
394
lagophthalmos
inability to completely close the eyelids
395
tear film deficiency
dry eye is a disorder of the tear film caused by tear deficiency or excessive evaporation
396
medial canthal entropian
lower eyelid rolls inward and covers up the lower nasolacrimal punch + trichiasis hairs that deviate towards the cornea
397
pigmentary keratitis
development of corneal pigmentation associated with chronic inflammation
398
ocular trauma
shallow bony orbits provide considerably less globe protection
399
responsibility for contributing to the tackling of the problem fall to many groups including
breed standrads
companion animal breeders
judges
veterinarians
geneticist
animal welfare scientist
regulators
animal owners
400
controversial word describing the breeds standard for the eye
large
401
organizations setting breed standards
kennel club
American kennel club
402
Dutch prohibition of the breeding of dogs with too short muzzles
kop the skull alone = 0%
snuit is extended nose from skull = 33% and 50%
403
campaign organizations in the Netherlands
illegal to breed flat faced Breeds, but they are allowed to buy or sell them
404
how do you apply the ethical matrix
take viewpoints from all people
405
define biotechnology
vaccines
nutrition
reproduction
406
transgenics
using pigs kidneys in humans
globefish sold as pets
407
transgenics
using pigs kidneys in humans
globefish sold as pets
408
examples of biotechnology
transgenic animals
animal breeding
animal nutrition
embryo transfer
409
Dublin describes biotechnology as
the controlled and deliberated manipulation of biological systems for the efficient manufacturing or processing of useful products
410
why was transgenic technology invented
research tool to study gene function in disease models
411
example of transgenic technology
green florescent protein
412
what is green florescent protein used for in veterinary medicine
eye stain
413
transgenic line goes against the
3 R's
414
transgenic implication positives
new desirable characteristics quickly
greater accuracy
more disease resistance
some negatives may occur
415
anthropomorphism
te attribution of human characteristics or behaviors to a god, animal or object
416
how can welfare assessments be helpful
communication with other through analogies but understand and recognize limitations
417
small example of welfare assessment
animals can be lethargic but not depressed
418
define eustress
stress that is not unpleasant necessarily
419
examples of eustress
exercise
training
milking
AI
semen collection
420
distress
negative state in which coping and adaptation processes fail to return an organism to homeostasis
421
distress progression
may be due to severe or prolonged stressor or multiple stressors insults with animals welfare
422
clinical practice in welfare assemment
management of sick animals
individual water and feed intake
groups based on behavior and activity
423
treatment plan of welfare diagnosis
primary cause
supportive therapies
424
prognosis in welfare assessment
overall outcome - future
progression or improvement
time line for euthanasia
425
animal welfare husbandry provision of resources
food and water
environment
temperature
sanitation
oversight
disease control
426
example of research not directly related to animal welfare
vaccine efficiency study
427
use of animal welfare research studies
focused on perceived welfare concerns with modifying production and providing intervention that improves welfare
parameters measured are welfare based
428
animal welfare behavior
can be positive or negative
429
negative animal welfare behavior
tail biting
cribbing
repetitive behavior
430
positive animal welfare behavior
grooming
exposure to enrichments
repeat for exposure
431
physiological welfare assessments
heart rate
respiration rate
432
immunological welfare assessment
cortisol levels indicating stress
normal functions
blood work
433
decreased feed intake leads to what in vaccine ability
decreased
434
definition of pain
unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with tissue damage and describe in terms of such damage
435
reaction to pain
usually instant
436
behavioral modification to pain in animal welfare
rest
locomotion changes
altered mood
learned avoidance
response to analgesics
437
three types of pain
nociceptive - physiological protection
inflammatory - process of healing
dysfunctional - nervous system
438
how to decrease innate fears
expose young to stressors at a young age
439
learned behavior in animals
separation anxiety in dogs
440
malaise
when an animal suffers the consequences of being sick
when it fails to cope or has extreme difficulty coping
440
malaise
when an animal suffers the consequences of being sick
when it fails to cope or has extreme difficulty coping
441
treatment of clinical signs in behavioral assessments
fever
pain
inappetence
dehydration
442
frustration examples in behavioral assessments
laying hen unable to use a nesting box
billy goat unable to breed due to fence
weaned calves separated from mom
443
boredom behavioral assessments
cannabolism
biting
fighting
benefit to enrichment
444
why do we have pleasure
makes up feel good
445
when animals tend to disguise how they feel to avoid appearing vulnerable to predators
normal behavioral assessment
446
examples of normal behavioral assessment
skunk spraying
playing dead
deer running
bringing in a horse
alert
active
fight or flight
447
characterization of insult/challenge/ stimulation
abnormal behavioral assessment
448
chilled nursery age pigs, just weaned
- rough hair coats
- normal laying but heaters run constantly
this is an example of
abnormal behavioral assessment
449
how to measure effective environmental temperature
air temperature - thermomerter
surface temperature - infrared
drafts - air flow
450
subjectivity and accuracy in behavioral assessment
intra-observation
job performance
job design
motivation
451
communication in behavioral assessment
transform subjective observation to objective information that leads to the appropriate action
452
communication in behavioral assessment is done through
score keeping
record keeping
out of control proces
453
physiological adaptation activation of the hypothalamic pituitary
increased ACTH
increased glucocorticoids
increased catecholamines
454
physiological adaptation direct measurable responses
increased HR, temp, respiration
increased metabolic rate
increased blood metabolites
- glucose + lactic acid
455
physiological adaptation to indirect markers
immunosuppression
neutrophhil
456
physiological adaptation for direct parameters
loss of fitness and production related in food animals
457
examples of physiological adaptation for indirect parameters
increased
- morbidity
- mortality
- production
decreased
- appetite
- weight gain
458
issues with measuring physiological adaptation
increased cortisol while working cattle
research study design
may require multiple examples over time
459
resources in group of nursery pigs
food
water
heat
comfort
460
immunological stress of animal welfare
transmissible
group disease
BRD
metritis
physical
- lameness
- trauma
461
how to observe animal observation
video
in person
natural
cages/pin
choice testing (animal decides something else)
operant condition (animal does something to earn reward)
462
step of decisions making process
information gathering
interpretation
evaluation
463
history taking ni companion animal clinical situations
purpose of animals
age
normal behavior
quality of life
interaction with other
464
physical exam in companion animal medicine
pain score
lameness score
body condition score
neurological exam
behavioral changed
465
how to diagnose companion animals
imaging
biopsies
466
treatment response in companion animals
pain mitigation
primary cause
467
how to make sure farms animals comply with industry standards
welfare assessment
quality assurance program
PQA
BQA
468
measuring the farm for farm animal behavior
facility
records
equipment
469
static observation
consistant over time
470
dynamic observation
fluctuates over time
471
observing the animals in farm animal welfare
general well being
normal activities
routine procedures
impaired animals
472
ventilation in on farm assessment
drafts
gas levels
ammonia
carbon dioxide
oxygen
473
stall size and shape on farm assessment
free stalls
tie stalls
474
stocking density on farm assessment
floor space
feeder space
water drinkers
shade
475
on farm assessments
lameness score
hock score
lying times
rumination collars
health records
intervention levels
welfare
dairy cows act like pets
cow comfort has become and important topic
476
input related
nutrition
genetics
environment
health
management
477
output related
frequency
what can be observed
records
478
normal behavior on farm assessment
non-confrontational
move away when approached
479
abnormal behavior degrees of sickness score
0
1
2
3
480
0 abnormal behavior degrees of sickness
normal
move away when in flight zone
481
1 abnormal behavior degrees of sickness
mild
move away when tempted
482
2 abnormal behavior degrees of sickness
moderate
usually recumbent
repeat touching is required for animal to arise
483
3 abnormal behavior degrees of sickness
severe
recumbent
will not rise with touching
484
feedlot - formal audit program
group parameters - stock
environment - shade
sanitation - maure handling
cow calf and stockers
485
history of dehorning
genetic selection
reduce age
equipment - saw, barnes, tub
restraint
pain mitigation - local + systemic
486
local pain mitigation
corneal block with lidocaine
487
systemic pain mitigation
banamine
ketoprofen
488
assessing welfare can be done through
clinical cases
farm animals
research
489
three general areas for assessment
behavioral
physiological
immunological
490
dynamic welfare
may have good intentions
challenges are controlled
491
brood cow
had a calf
492
calf
nursing
493
weaned calf
205 day weight
494
feeder calf/cattle
weaned calf to be sold into backgrounder or feedlot
495
stocker/backgrounder
after weaning
prior to feed lot
496
fat/fed/finished
in feed lot
90 to 180+ days
497
buller
steer that mounts pen mates
498
stag
late casterated bull
499
two species of cattle
bos taurus
bos indicus
500
most common species of cattle
bos taurus
501
what is the breed:
british
original population
meat quality
Angus
502
what is the breed:
British
polled
horned
hardt
hereford
503
what is the breed:
European
Switzerland
dual purpose in Europe
large frame
crosses - semi
Simmental
504
what is the breed:
continental - france
high meat yield
carcass cut out
Limousin
505
what is the breed:
continental france
large frame
first imported to US via Mexico in 1934
Charolais
506
what is the breed:
- developed by cross breeding with purebreds
- eventually crosses bred to crosses
- EX: Santa Gertrudis + Beefmaster
composite breed
507
Other breeds of cattle
show cattle
- mixture
grass fed
- slow maturing
- british
hobby
- dexter
- zebu
- longhorn
- mini hereford
508
type of cow calf operation
seed stock
commercial
509
primary grass based diets in cow calf operations
low quality forages
graze
harvested
additional feed
vitamins
minerals
510
minimal housing in cow calf operation
shelter from extreme conditions
511
continual calving strategies
bull always in with cows
512
criteria and constrains for calving strategies
climate
marketing
- direct
- sale barn
transportation
cash flow
labor
513
breeding with vet involved
AI
advanced repro
bull breeding soundness exam
pregnancy diagnosis
514
calving with vet involved
dystocias
515
vaccines with vet involved
brucellosis
516
jobs when veterinarian involved
breeding
calving
vaccines
deworming
casteration
dehorning
treatment protocols
health plans
sick cattle
517
abrupt weaning
big stressor
loud bawling for several days
518
welfare during weaning
fence line contact
nose ring
519
pre-conditioned weaning
routine procedures done prior to weaning
- vaccine
- casteration
- dehorning
520
back grounding in cattle operation
dry lot
521
stocker in cattle operation
pasture
- grass
- winter wheat
522
both backgrounding and stocker
from weaning to entering feedlot
location
- original farm
- new farm
- both
523
feedlots were historically located near
corn belt
524
TMR stands for
total mixed ration
525
confinement in feedlots
traditional sheds
hoop barns
cold temperatures
526
welfare issues in feedlot
mud
handeling
heat stress
527
waste management in feed lots
liquid
solid
528
grass finishing systems in cattle operations
slow maturing
different genetics
marketed
- organic
- natural
529
grass based integrated systems
poultry litter
swine lagoon effluent
530
processing terminology in cattle
running cattle through a chute after arrival
531
examples of processing in cattle
vaccines
deworming
casteration
dehorning
antibiotics
ear tagging
pregnancy check
532
treatment protocol in cattle
first pull
second pull
different diseases
533
railers in cattle
chronic cattle
534
the following are diseases in which cattle program
- coccidia
- pink eye
- respiratory disease
- foot rot
- frothy bloat
stocker
535
the following are diseases in which cattle program
- bloat
- foot rot
- acute pneumonia
- shipping fever
- BRD
- respiratory disease
feed lot
536
other sources of beef
cull cattle
dairy steers
bulls
537
cull cattle in sources of beef
head cows
canners - hamburger
cutters - rounds
538
dairy steers in sources of beef
large frame size
539
bulls in sources of beef
processed meat
540
ways to sell cattle
sale bars
online sales
private
weight description
futures
541
long futures in cattle
buy contract
542
short features in cattle
sell contract
543
speculator in cattle
not a processor or producer
544
dark cutter in meat issues
decreased storage times
low glycogen - stressed cattle
545
condemnation in meat issues
muscle
- injection site abscess
- bruising
organs
- liver abscess
546
BQA in cattle
low stress cattle handling
injection location
- neck
- sub q
transport
547
dairy industry terminology
location
marketing
segments
trends
548
life cycle in cattle terminology
birth to cull
549
genetics terminology in beef
breeds
selection program
550
housing terminology in beef
comfort
types
breeding
waste management
ventilation
551
nutrition terminology in beef
feed ingredients
feed storage
feed practices
552
lactation terminology in beef
curve
milking
dry off
553
calves terminology in beef
maternity pens
housing
feeding
routine procedures
554
husbandry terminology in beef
ID
foot baths
back rubbers
lock ups
palpation rails
treatment area
555
in dairy markets, who makes more, the producer or farmer
producer
556
segments of the dairy industry
seed stock - registered to show
back yard
dairy used for beef calves milk
557
as number of dairy herds stay the same what happens to the amount of milk produced
increases
558
2021 average per 100 weight in dairy calves
$18.30
559
quality premiums in dairy cattle
butter fat
protein
total solids
somatic cell cout - cheese yields
560
how safe is our milk
antibiotic residue free
561
definition of lactating cow
had a calf
562
definition of heifer
not calved yet
563
definition of freshen
calving
564
definition of dry cow
non lactating cow
565
definition of calf
less than a year old
566
definition of bull
intact male
567
definition of steer
castrated male
568
first calf is expected around ____ years of age
2
569
when do you start calves on dry food
2 weeks of age
570
when do you start calves on hay
7-8 weeks
571
when do you wean calves from mother
6-8 weeks of age
572
definition of yearling
year old but not bred yet
573
voluntary period of calving period
40-60 days
574
calving interval
365 days
575
gestation length in cattle
280 days
576
dry period in cattle
45-60 days
577
reasons of culling
rarely age
mastitis
infertile
lameness
disease
body condition
578
primary breeds in the US of dairy cattle
holestein
jersey
579
other breeds of dairy cows
Guernsey
ayrshire
brown swiss
milking shorthorn
580
which dairy breed produces the most milk per lactation
holstein
581
which dairy breed is the largest in size
jersey
582
which dairy breed produces the most butter fat content
jersey
583
which dairy breed produces the most protein percentage
brown Swiss
584
artificial insemination in dairy cows
AI
- timed with no heat check
- visual heat check
- sexed vs conventional semen
Bull
- all breedings
- after 2-3 inseminations
preg checking
585
feedstuff in dairy nutrition
corn silage
haylage
586
storage in dairy nutrition
tower silo
silage bag
bunker silo
587
feeding practices equipment
TMR
mixer wagon
feed manager
bunk
alley
water cup
tank
588
milking procedures step
strip
dip
wipe
milk
remove claw
dip
589
types of milking parlors
side opening
parellel
rotary
590
bulk tanks are used to
cool down the milk
591
remove calves ________ after birth
24 hours
592
colostrum should be consumed within the first __________
6 hours
593
dip navel in maternity pens
iodine
chlorohexidine
594
dehorning tools
caustic paste
hot iron
tube
banres
595
casteration tool
surgical
non-surgical
596
vaccination routine calf procedures
scours
respiratory disease
clostridial
597
1st digit in ear for identification
quarter of the ear
598
2nd digit in ear for identification
official shield
599
3rd digit in ear for identification
last digit of the year
600
identification types in cattle
ear tags
electronic devices
painted tail
collars
leg bands
601
key welfare issues in dairy
tail docking
casteration
dehroning
cow calf seperation
individual calf pens
access to pasture
animal abuse
health
