Exam 1 Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
what is a teratogen?
A
anything harmful to the baby or embryo
2
Q
where does fertilization take place?
A
outer 3rd layer of fallopian tube
occurs within 24 hr of ovulation
3
Q
what is an ovum?
what is a zygote?
A
egg
fertilized egg or ovum
4
Q
what is XX?
what is XY?
A
female
male
5
Q
what id a female gamete?
what is a male gamete?
A
ovum
sperm
6
Q
how long is an ovum fertile?
how lonf is sperm fertile?
A
12-24 hours after ovulation
48-72 but healthy for 24 hours
7
Q
what is spermatogenesis?
what is oogenesis?
A
occurs at puberty when testes start to produce sperm
females are born with every ova she will have, occurs when the ovum divides and is released during ovulation
8
Q
what is a diploid zygote?
A
it has 46 chromosomes
9
Q
what is the morula?
A
formed from the zygote
2 parts
- blastocyte: becomes the baby
- trophoblast: becomes the placenta
10
Q
what is nidation?
A
implantation
occurs when trophoblast imbeds into the uterus
7-10 days after fertilization
11
Q
what happens during implantation?
A
lining of uterus thickens
trophoblast grow into uterus lining
chorionic villi is formed
12
Q
what are chorionic villi?
what do they do?
A
fingerlike projections that extend into blood filled spaces of endometrium
-obtain oxygen and nutrients
-dispose of carbon dioxide
-branch into fetal blood vessels to form fetal placenta
13
Q
what is the endometrium and what is it called after implantation?
A
inner lining of uterus
decidua
14
Q
what is the decidua basalis?
A
maternal side of placenta
15
Q
what is the decidua capsularis?
A
fetal side of placenta
16
Q
what is the decidua vera?
A
lining of the rest of uterus
17
Q
what is the pre-embryonic stage
A
first 14 days
stages of ovum
18
Q
what is the embryonic stage?
A
day 15-week 8
most suseptiable to teratogens
19
Q
what is the fetus stage?
A
week 9- until birth
20
Q
what is developed in the ectoderm?
A
central and peripheral nervous system
nasal cavity
hair/nails
21
Q
what is developed during mesoderm?
A
reproductive organs
kidneys/ureter/spleen
skelton/muscles
cardiovascular system
22
Q
what is developed in the endoderm?
A
respiratory tract
epithelium
tissue of liver and pancreas
urethra
urinary bladder
vagina
23
Q
what is amniotic fluid and what does it do?
A
fluid from the maternal bloodstream
-helps maintain body tempreture
-source of oral fluid
-place to store waste
-cushions the fetus
-allows for freedome of movement
24
Q
what does the yolk sac do?
A
before the placenta is made it provides nutrients to the embryo
-blood is made
25
when is the umbillical cord formed and what does it have?
week 5
2 arteries, 1 vein
26
what is the placenta and what does it do?
its considered an organ at 14 weeks
-stores nutrients from mom to baby
27
when is the embryo called a fetus and why?
by the end of week 8
bc it has every organ system and external feature
28
what is fetal viability?
fetus can survive outside of the uterus
22-25 weeks with a wt of 1.1 lbs
29
what happens at week 4?
heart is beating 110-160 bts/min
formation of red blood cells
30
what begins at week 20?
fetus sucks and swallows amniotic fluid
peristalic movements
31
what is wrong with the fetal hepatic system?
coagulation cant be synthized by liver because lack of vit K
32
when is the sex of the baby able to be seen?
16 weeks
33
what happens to the integumentary system as the fetus grows?
thick, white cheesy covering forms called the vernix caseosa
lanugo is formed at 12 weeks to help keep oil on the baby
34
what is the ductus venosus?
it connects the umbillical vein to inferior vena cava
-allows bloodflow into r atrium
-will close rapidly after birth
35
what is the foramen ovale?
it allows oxygenated blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium
(bypasses pulmonary circulation)
36
what is the ductus arteriosus?
it connects the pulmonary artery to the decending aorta
(bypasses the lungs)
37
what are dizygotic twins?
fraternal (non identical)
2 ovas
38
what are monozygotic twins?
identical
1 ovum divides
same sex, aooerance, and genotype
39
what happens at 4 weeks?
fetus has a heartbeat
40
what happens at 8 weeks?
all body organs are formed
41
what happens at 8-12 weeks?
heartbeat can be heard
42
what happens at 16 weeks?
babys sex can be seen
(thin but looks like a baby)
43
what happens at 20 weeks?
mom feels movement
baby has a regular schedule of sleeping, sucking, and kicking
hands can grasp
vernix caseosa protects the body
lanugo holds oil on fetus
head hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes are formed
44
what happens at 24 weeks?
weight is around 1lb 10oz
fetal respiratory movements begin
sucking movements
45
what happens at 28 weeks?
eyes are able to open and close
baby can breathe
surfactant is formed for breathing at birth
baby is 2/3 its final length
46
what happens at 32 weeks?
baby has fingernails and toenails
subQ fat is laid down
baby is less red and wrinkled
47
what happens at 38+ weeks?
baby fills total uterus
baby gets antibodies from mom
48
what weeks are …
first trimester?
second trimester?
third trimester?
1-13
14-26
27-40
49
what is…
preterm birth?
term birth?
postterm birth?
birth at
20-37 weeks
38-42 weeks
beyond 42 weeks
50
what happens to the uterus at week 18-30?
height of fundus in cm is approx equal to the number of weeks a fetus is
51
what happens to the vagina antepartum?
increased secretions
becomes acidic
-prevents bacteria
-holds onto yeast
52
what are montgomery tubercles?
sebacceous glands
-areola darken
-stria develop
53
what is hegars sign?
softening and compressibility of uterus at 6 weeks causes bladder pressure and urinary frequency
54
what is chadwicks sign?
vagiina and cervix change colors to violet bl;ue at 6-8 weeks
due to increased vascularity
55
what is goodells sign?
cervical tip softens, hypertrophies, and undergoes increased vascularity at 6 weeks
56
what happens to breathing as the uterus enlarges?
uterus presses upward and elevates diaphragm
-mild dyspnea
-abd to throacic breathing
57
what happens to pulse and BP antepartum?
pulse increases
BP decreases
-lowest in 2nd trimester
58
what happens when the uterus put pressure on the femoral and pelvic vessels?
it disrupts blood flow causing statis in lower extremities
-edema
-varicosities(hemmroids)
-postural hypotension
59
what is the supine hypotensive syndrome?
when mom lays on her back, uterus presses on vena cava, which reduces blood flow to R atrium and decreases BP
Also known as vena cava syndrome
60
what causes N/V prenatal in the 1stt trimester?
increased HcG level
smooth muscles relax in stomach
carb metabolism is changed
61
what can happen antepartum in the mouth?
gum tissue softens
excess salvia (ptyalism)
62
what causes pyrosis antepartum?
the cardiac spinchter relaxs
63
what trimesters has increased urinary frquency?
1st and 3rd
64
what happens to the spine antepartum?
increased lumbosacral curve (lordosis) develops
65
what does progesterone do?
maintains pregnancy by relaxing smooth muscles
supresses FSH and LH
66
what does estrogen do?
promotes enlargement of genitals, uterus, breasts, and increased vascularity
67
what happens to insulin prenatal?
decreases in production
68
what does oxytocin do?
stimulates contractions
“love hormone”
love and bonding
Pitocin
69
what can low levels of prostalglandins cause?
hypertesnion
preclampsia
70
what is
stria gravidarum?
linea nigra?
chloasma?
stretch marks
pigmented line on belly
dark spots on face
71
what is thw urine protein level?
less than 254mg/24 hr
72
what happend to hematocrit and hemoglobin prenatal?
they decrease
73
what is physiological anemia?
increase in plasma causes RBC to be diluted
74
what are presumptive signs of pregancy?
subjective
-amenorrhea
-N/V
-urinary freq
-breast tenderness
-quickening
75
what are probable signs of pregancy?
objective
-Goodell, chadwicks, hegar
-braxton hicks
-pigmentation
-stria
-postive pregnancy test
76
what are positive signs of pregnacy?
fetal heartbeat, movement or visual on US
77
what is couvade syndrome?
father has impathetic pain
-fatigue
-increased appetite
-difficulty sleeping
78
how many prenatal visits for…
through week 28?
week 28-36?
week 36-birth?
1 time a month
every 2 weeks
weekly
79
what is nagele rule?
determines the EDD
1. first day of last menstrual period
2. subtract 3 mon
3. add 7 days
80
what is the G.T. P.A. L.?
Gravida: number of times being preg
Term: number of term infants born (38-42)
Preterm: number of preterm infants (20-37)
Abortion: number of pregancies ended
Living: number of children living
81
what are the complications during the 1st trimester?
severe vomiting
chills/fever
diarrhea
burning on urination
vaginal bleeding
abd cramping
82
what are the 2nd and 3rd trimester complications?
sudden discharge
severe back ache
contractions
vision disturbances
excess swelling
vaginal bleeding
83
what can increased levels of estrogen and progesterone cause?
nasal stiffiness and epistaxis
breast tenderness
increased vaginal discharge
cervical hyperplasia
increased mucous by endocervical gland
84
what is the cardiff counting method?
counts fetal movements
(at least 10 movements in 3 hr)
decrease or cessation of movement signals a problem
85
what are the travel restrictions for a pregant women?
for every 2hr of travel walk 10 min
86
what immunizations should a pregant women avoid?
live virus vaccines
-rubella
-MMR
-influenza
87
how do you calculate BMI?
weight(lb) * 703/ height (in) squared
88
BMI…
underweight
normal weight
overweight
obese
less than 18.5
18.5-25
25-30
greater than 30
89
what is folic acid and what is the daily recommended amount?
helps to decrease risk of neural tube defects
- spina bifida
400mcg/day
90
when are ultrasounds normally completed?
12-16 wk
24-28 wk
91
what is a Nuchal Translucency test (NTT)?
use od ultrasound to screen for down syndrome
-shows thickness on back of neck
-11 weeks
92
what is a maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein test? (MsAFP)
screening test fot fetal abnormalities
-low levels result in down syndrome
-high levels result in neural tube defects (NFD)
93
what is a nonstress test?
noninvasive
done at 28wk
-assess for fetal heart rate during times of fetal movement
if CNS is intact and fetus has oxygen then the fetal heart rate will increase during movement
94
what is a reactive nonstress result?
bloos flow and oxygen to fetus is adequate
95
what is a nonreactive nonstress test result?
requires additional testing to see if result is due to poor oxygenation
96
what is the choronic villus sampling?
removal of small peice of placenta
8-12 weeks
screen for genetic disorders
97
what is a biophysical profile (BPP)?
used near or at term to assess risk of fetal abnormalities
-ultrasound is used to measure fteal breathing patterns, movement, muscle tone, and volume of amniotic fluid
-nonstress test is performed after to score out of 10
the higher the score the better welll being of the fetus
98
what is an amniocentesis?
diagnostic test using amniotic fluid
15-16 wk
assess for gentic disorders
can also be done in 3rd trimester for fetal lung maturuty (L/S ratio)
99
constipation
-cause
-prevention
-treatment
relaxtion of lower bowel, lack of exersize, to little roughage in diet
increase roughage in diet, excersize and fluid
mild laxative or stool softener
100
Varicose veins
-cause
-prevention
-treatment
relaxing hormones and increased pressure on vascular system
prevent constipation and proper weight gain
cold compree or iced whichhazel and anesthetic ointment for hemmroid
101
vaginal discharge
-cause
-prevention
-treatment
clear and white is normal, color and odor is infection
strict hygeine and white cotton panties
if infeqtion, doc will presecribe meds
102
heartburn
-causes
-prevention
-treatment
uterus presses upward on stomach
eat small frequent meals, no spicy or fatty foods, sleep upright if no problems with varicosities
antacid may be presecribed
103
cramps
-cause
-prevention
-treatment
pressure of baby
drink milk and wear lose clothing
change position, straighten legs and dorsiflex the toes
104
backache
cause
prevention
poor posture and increased pressure from the weight of the uterus
improve posture and do pelvic tilts
105
what is colostrum?
yellow secretion from breasts that will convert to milk
106
what is multipara?
women who has had 2 or more births at more than 20 weeks
107
what is para?
birth after 20 weeks
108
what is nullipara?
women who has had no births after 20 weeks
109
what is primipara?
women who has had 1 birth after 20 weeks
110
what is parturient?
in labor
111
what is primigravida?
women who is preg for the 1st time
112
what is nulligravida?
women who has never been preg
113
what is multigravida?
preganant multiple times
114
how much amniotic fluid should there be?
700-1000ml till 38 weeks
115
what is a contemporary childbirth?
different choices about a patients birth experinence
ex. in water out of water, epidural or no epidural
116
what are the 6 competencies for the quality and safety education for nurses (QSEN)?
patient centered care
teamwork and collaberation
evidence based practice
quality improvement
safety
informatics
117
what does a nurse do if a patient refuses treatment?
document
118
what is a nuclear family?
kids live with biological parents
119
what is a blended family?
2 parents with biological kids from a previous marriage marry
120
what is an extended family?
sharing household with parents, grandparents and kids
121
what is a family whos parents are cohabilitating?
lives together but not married
122
what is stage 1 of duvalls family cycle?
married couple
-without children
123
What is stage 2 of duvalls family cycle?
Childbearing families
-oldest child is less than 30 months old
124
What is stage 3 of duvalls family cycle?
Families with preschool children
-oldest child is 2.5-6 years old
125
What is stage 4 of duvalls family cycle?
Families with school aged children
-oldest child is 6-13 years old
126
What is stage 5 of duvalls family cycle?
Families with teenages
-oldest child is 13-20 years old
127
What is stage 6 of duvalls family cycle?
Families as launching centers
-lasts from when 1st child leaves home until the last child leaves home
128
What is stage 7 of duvalls family cycle?
Middle aged parents
-last from when all children are moved out until retirement
129
What is stage 8 of duvalls family cycle?
Aging family
-Retirement until death of both spouse
130
What is acculturation?
Adapting to a new culture
131
What is assimulation?
All new culture
132
What is ethnocentrism?
Ones belief that their culture is only right and superior to everyone elses
133
What is cultural reiatvism?
Oppisite of ethnocentrism
Affirms the uniqness and value from each culture
134
What is a magico-religous view of health?
Health is determined by super natural forces, God
Ex. Spontaneous abortion may be believed as a punishment from God
135
What is a hollistic view of health?
Ilness is due to an imbalnece of natural balence and harmony
-hot and cold therapy
136
What cultures believe that eye contact is disrespectful?
Asian
Native american
137
How do you communicate with past thinkers?
Ask direct question
138
What is complentary therapy?
An adjunct to conventional medical treatment
Ex. Massage or accupuncture
139
What is the cycle length of a menstruation?
Determined from the 1st day of mensus to the 1st day of the next mensus
-28 days
140
What is the average amount of flow during a menstruation?
25-60ml
141
what is premenstrul syndrome (PMS)?
Symptoms in luteal phase (2 weeks before period)
-irritable
-swelling
-craving
-HA
-acne
142
What is menorrhagia
Excessive bleeding
143
What is dysmenorrhea?
Painful cramps
144
What is endometriosis?
Endometrial tissue is on the outside of uterus
145
What is the treatment of endometriosis?
Abdominal hysterectomy
146
What is coitus interruptes?
Using withdraw (pull out) for a contraceptive
147
What is the basal body tempreture and what is it used for?
To know when a women is ovulating
-will show a decrease and then a sharp increase when ovulating
-measure every morning
148
When should a breat examination be done?
1 week after each period
149
What is prenatal education also known as?
Lamaze
150
What does estrogen do?
Gives female characteristics
Helps with ovum release
151
What does preogesterone do?
Maintains the pregnancy
152
What can help induce labor?
Semen
153
What is a menarche?
1st menstruation that a female has
154
What happens during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?
Decrease estrogen
Endometrium sheds
155
What happens during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?
Endometrium thickens
Estrogen peaks before ovulation
During ovulation temp increases
156
What is the normal fetal heart rate?
110-160
157
What does APGAR stand for?
Apperance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respirations
158
When is the APGAR test given?
1 min after birth
5 min after birth
159
What is the appearance points of APGAR?
0- pale blue
1-body pink with blue extremities
2- entire body is pink
160
What is the pulse points for APGAR?
0-no heartbeat
1-less than 100
2- greater than 100
161
What is the grimace points for APGAR?
Response and reflex
0-no response
1-grimace
2-grimace with pull away, cry, or cough
162
What is the activity points with APGAR?
Muscle tone
0-loose and floppy
1-arms and legs flexed
2- active motion
163
What are the respiration points for APGAR?
0-not breathing
1-RR slow and irregular
2-cries well
