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ANS 324 - Genetics of Domestic Animals > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of genetics?

A

the science of dealing with heredity and variation, seeking to discover laws governing similarities and differences in individuals related by decent

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2
Q

what is the definition of animal genetics?

A

the study of the principles of inheritance in animals

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3
Q

what is the definition of animal breeding?

A

the application of the principles of animal genetics with the goal of improvement of animals

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4
Q

what is the purpose of animal breeding?

A

to genetically improve the economic efficiency of livestock production

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5
Q

what is the purpose of selection?

A

to improve economic merit through genetics

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6
Q

what is selection?

A

the determination of parents of the next generation

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7
Q

what does natural selection seek?

A

genetic fitness

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8
Q

what was the first domesticated animal?

A

dog

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9
Q

who is know as the father of animal breeding?

A

Robert Bakewell

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10
Q

what are some effects of inbreeding?

A
  • allows to mate genetically similar animals
  • increases homozygosity
  • improves uniformity
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11
Q

what did Robert Bakewell use inbreeding for?

A

the “purebred” concept

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12
Q

why focus on males when breeding a herd of cattle?

A

they produce more offspring

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13
Q

what test did Robert Bakewell develop an early version of?

A

bull progeny test

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14
Q

what did domestication do for civilization?

A
  • they dont have to hunt and can spend that time on other things
  • allowed civilization to happen
  • during drought, they could still eat and keep life going
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15
Q

what were the three major events that led to the development of modern genetics?

A
  1. darwin published the origin of species
  2. mendel publishes experiments in plant hybridization
  3. miescher isolates nucleic acids from cells
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16
Q

why is a gene so much bigger than an mRNA?

A

the mRNA has had its’ introns removed

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17
Q

where does splicing happen?

A

the nucleus

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18
Q

what are two benefits of splicing?

A
  1. facilitates nuclear export
  2. helps with the stability of the molecule
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19
Q

what are the three RNA modifications?

A

intron splicing, 7 methylguanosinn cap, and poly-A tail

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20
Q

what roles does a 7 methylguanosine cap serve in protein synthesis?

A

found at the nucleus/ 5’ end to protect RNA from degradation, increases stability, allows for easy binding to the subunit of the ribosome

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21
Q

what protein is central to both the initiation and the elongation of transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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22
Q

In the cell, what determines which DNA strand is transcribed?

A

a promoter

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23
Q

once a DNA strand is transcribed, what determines the open reading frame used for translation?

A

the position of the start codon (AUG)

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24
Q

where does transcription end?

A

the poly-A tail (AAA), 3’ end

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25
where does translation end?
the stop codon (UGA, UAA, UAG)
26
in what direction are RNA polynucleotide transcripts assembled?
5’ to 3’
27
what orientation, with respect to the transcript, is the template DNA strand?
3’ to 5’
28
what direction does RNA transcription happen?
5’ - 3’
29
what has modifications? DNA replication or RNA transcription?
RNA transcription
30
what catalyzes RNA transcription?
RNA polymerase
31
what catalyzes DNA replication?
DNA polymerase
32
is a primer needed for DNA replication?
yes
33
is a primer needed for RNA transcription?
no
34
are all amino acids encoded by the same number of codons?
no
35
which amino acids are encoded by the most codons?
See, Leu, and ARG (6 codons each)
36
what amino acids are encoded by only one codon?
Met and Trp
37
what is special about the amino acid methionine?
start codon
38
what is the relationship between genes and traits?
genes code for specific traits
39
what is the relationship between genes and chromosomes?
genes are found on chromosomes
40
what is the relationship between alleles and genes?
alleles are alternate forms of genes
41
what is the relationship between DNA sequences and amino acid sequences?
DNA sequence determines amino acid sequence
42
what is a phenotype?
an observable characteristic
43
what are alleles?
alternate forms if a gene
44
what is independent assortment?
alleles of one gene separate into gametes randomly with respect to alleles of other genes
45
what are gametes?
reproductive cells containing only one copy of each gene
46
what is a homozygote?
one with two identical alleles of a given gene
47
what is a dominant allele?
the allele expressed in the phenotype of the heterozygote
48
what is a dihybrid cross?
a cross between two individuals both homozygous for two genes
49
how many chromosomes do humans have?
46
50
how many chromosomes do cattle have?
60
51
how many chromosomes do sheep have?
54
52
how many chromosomes do goats have?
60
53
how many chromosomes do dogs have?
78
54
how many chromosomes do cats have?
38
55
how many chromosomes do chickens have?
78
56
how many chromosomes do pigs have?
38
57
how many chromosomes do turkeys have?
80
58
how many chromosomes do horses have?
64
59
how many chromosomes do donkeys have?
62
60
how many chromosomes do camels have?
74
61
how many chromosomes do alapacas have?
74
62
how many chromosomes do llamas have?
74
63
how many chromosomes do rabbits have?
44
64
how many chromosomes do rats have?
42
65
how many chromosomes do mice have?
40
66
what are the four requirements for DNA to be genetic material?
- must carry info - must replicate - must allow for change - must govern the expression of the phenotype
67
if there is an absence of a phenotype, what does that suggest? (Pp x Pp = 2Pp:1pp)
it suggests that homozygous dominant is lethal
68
what does helicase do in DNA replication?
unwinds the parental double helix
69
what do single strand binding proteins do in DNA replication?
they stabilize the unwound parental DNA
70
what direction is the leading strand in DNA replication synthesized?
5’ to 3’
71
what synthesizes the leading strand in DNA replication?
DNA polymerase
72
what are the three components that make up nucleotides?
nitrogenous bases, a phosphate backbone, and a five carbon sugar
73
what are the purine bases?
adenine and guanine
74
what are the pyrimidine bases?
thymine and cytosine
75
who discovered the structure of DNA? when?
Watson and Crick in 1953
76
what pair of nitrogenous bases has a double bond and what pair has a triple bond? which one is stronger?
A-T; C-G; triple bond
77
what is the purpose of DNA replication?
copying genetic info for transmission to the next gen

ANS 324 - Genetics of Domestic Animals (4 decks)

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