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ANS 324 - Genetics of Domestic Animals > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of genetics?

A

the science of dealing with heredity and variation, seeking to discover laws governing similarities and differences in individuals related by decent

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2
Q

what is the definition of animal genetics?

A

the study of the principles of inheritance in animals

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3
Q

what is the definition of animal breeding?

A

the application of the principles of animal genetics with the goal of improvement of animals

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4
Q

what is the purpose of animal breeding?

A

to genetically improve the economic efficiency of livestock production

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5
Q

what is the purpose of selection?

A

to improve economic merit through genetics

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6
Q

what is selection?

A

the determination of parents of the next generation

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7
Q

what does natural selection seek?

A

genetic fitness

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8
Q

what was the first domesticated animal?

A

dog

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9
Q

who is know as the father of animal breeding?

A

Robert Bakewell

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10
Q

what are some effects of inbreeding?

A
  • allows to mate genetically similar animals
  • increases homozygosity
  • improves uniformity
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11
Q

what did Robert Bakewell use inbreeding for?

A

the “purebred” concept

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12
Q

why focus on males when breeding a herd of cattle?

A

they produce more offspring

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13
Q

what test did Robert Bakewell develop an early version of?

A

bull progeny test

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14
Q

what did domestication do for civilization?

A
  • they dont have to hunt and can spend that time on other things
  • allowed civilization to happen
  • during drought, they could still eat and keep life going
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15
Q

what were the three major events that led to the development of modern genetics?

A
  1. darwin published the origin of species
  2. mendel publishes experiments in plant hybridization
  3. miescher isolates nucleic acids from cells
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16
Q

why is a gene so much bigger than an mRNA?

A

the mRNA has had its’ introns removed

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17
Q

where does splicing happen?

A

the nucleus

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18
Q

what are two benefits of splicing?

A
  1. facilitates nuclear export
  2. helps with the stability of the molecule
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19
Q

what are the three RNA modifications?

A

intron splicing, 7 methylguanosinn cap, and poly-A tail

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20
Q

what roles does a 7 methylguanosine cap serve in protein synthesis?

A

found at the nucleus/ 5’ end to protect RNA from degradation, increases stability, allows for easy binding to the subunit of the ribosome

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21
Q

what protein is central to both the initiation and the elongation of transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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22
Q

In the cell, what determines which DNA strand is transcribed?

A

a promoter

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23
Q

once a DNA strand is transcribed, what determines the open reading frame used for translation?

A

the position of the start codon (AUG)

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24
Q

where does transcription end?

A

the poly-A tail (AAA), 3’ end

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25
Q

where does translation end?

A

the stop codon (UGA, UAA, UAG)

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26
Q

in what direction are RNA polynucleotide transcripts assembled?

A

5’ to 3’

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27
Q

what orientation, with respect to the transcript, is the template DNA strand?

A

3’ to 5’

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28
Q

what direction does RNA transcription happen?

A

5’ - 3’

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29
Q

what has modifications? DNA replication or RNA transcription?

A

RNA transcription

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30
Q

what catalyzes RNA transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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31
Q

what catalyzes DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase

32
Q

is a primer needed for DNA replication?

A

yes

33
Q

is a primer needed for RNA transcription?

A

no

34
Q

are all amino acids encoded by the same number of codons?

A

no

35
Q

which amino acids are encoded by the most codons?

A

See, Leu, and ARG (6 codons each)

36
Q

what amino acids are encoded by only one codon?

A

Met and Trp

37
Q

what is special about the amino acid methionine?

A

start codon

38
Q

what is the relationship between genes and traits?

A

genes code for specific traits

39
Q

what is the relationship between genes and chromosomes?

A

genes are found on chromosomes

40
Q

what is the relationship between alleles and genes?

A

alleles are alternate forms of genes

41
Q

what is the relationship between DNA sequences and amino acid sequences?

A

DNA sequence determines amino acid sequence

42
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

an observable characteristic

43
Q

what are alleles?

A

alternate forms if a gene

44
Q

what is independent assortment?

A

alleles of one gene separate into gametes randomly with respect to alleles of other genes

45
Q

what are gametes?

A

reproductive cells containing only one copy of each gene

46
Q

what is a homozygote?

A

one with two identical alleles of a given gene

47
Q

what is a dominant allele?

A

the allele expressed in the phenotype of the heterozygote

48
Q

what is a dihybrid cross?

A

a cross between two individuals both homozygous for two genes

49
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

50
Q

how many chromosomes do cattle have?

A

60

51
Q

how many chromosomes do sheep have?

A

54

52
Q

how many chromosomes do goats have?

A

60

53
Q

how many chromosomes do dogs have?

A

78

54
Q

how many chromosomes do cats have?

A

38

55
Q

how many chromosomes do chickens have?

A

78

56
Q

how many chromosomes do pigs have?

A

38

57
Q

how many chromosomes do turkeys have?

A

80

58
Q

how many chromosomes do horses have?

A

64

59
Q

how many chromosomes do donkeys have?

A

62

60
Q

how many chromosomes do camels have?

A

74

61
Q

how many chromosomes do alapacas have?

A

74

62
Q

how many chromosomes do llamas have?

A

74

63
Q

how many chromosomes do rabbits have?

A

44

64
Q

how many chromosomes do rats have?

A

42

65
Q

how many chromosomes do mice have?

A

40

66
Q

what are the four requirements for DNA to be genetic material?

A
  • must carry info
  • must replicate
  • must allow for change
  • must govern the expression of the phenotype
67
Q

if there is an absence of a phenotype, what does that suggest? (Pp x Pp = 2Pp:1pp)

A

it suggests that homozygous dominant is lethal

68
Q

what does helicase do in DNA replication?

A

unwinds the parental double helix

69
Q

what do single strand binding proteins do in DNA replication?

A

they stabilize the unwound parental DNA

70
Q

what direction is the leading strand in DNA replication synthesized?

A

5’ to 3’

71
Q

what synthesizes the leading strand in DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase

72
Q

what are the three components that make up nucleotides?

A

nitrogenous bases, a phosphate backbone, and a five carbon sugar

73
Q

what are the purine bases?

A

adenine and guanine

74
Q

what are the pyrimidine bases?

A

thymine and cytosine

75
Q

who discovered the structure of DNA? when?

A

Watson and Crick in 1953

76
Q

what pair of nitrogenous bases has a double bond and what pair has a triple bond? which one is stronger?

A

A-T; C-G; triple bond

77
Q

what is the purpose of DNA replication?

A

copying genetic info for transmission to the next gen

ANS 324 - Genetics of Domestic Animals (4 decks)

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